ThE naTurE of roman rulE
49
assistants, but at the most these may have numbered 10,000,
giving one representative of Roman power for every 6,000 of its
subjects. The aims of Roman rule were strictly limited, focused on
maintaining order and ensuring the continued flow of revenue, but
even so it was impossible for such a small number of officials to
manage all the day-to-day business of the control and exploitation
of the provincials. Consideration of the geographical extent of the
Empire and the effects of distance, in a preindustrial society where
communications were limited to the speed of the fastest horse or
most favourable winds and where the news of an emperor’s death
might not reach more distant regions for weeks, leads to the same
conclusion: Roman rule depended on the delegation of power to the
local level, not only to Roman officials, who had broad freedom of
action
in most affairs, but to their native collaborators.
26
Thus the expansion of the Empire in the central and eastern
Mediterranean depended on the establishment of friendly relations
with hundreds of cities, each one dominating its immediate locality;
preferably before conquest, but if necessary following a suitable
interval after their capitulation, these could be granted autonomy
in return for submission to Roman hegemony, contributions to
Roman resources and assistance in the business of government.
Rome entered into countless treaties with different states, kingdoms
and city-states, generally on its own terms, whether or not they were
formally incorporated into a province at that stage.
27
Centuries
later, provinces like Sicily and Asia still displayed their origins in
this piecemeal process of aggrandisement, appearing as patchworks
of different sorts of allies and subjects with different statuses and
privileges: free cities, cities with both freedom and exemption from
taxes, allies and federates, Roman colonies, Latin colonies.
28
Most
of these differences, with the exception of those cities who gained
valuable exemptions from certain taxes or duties, related to status
rather than to anything more material; all cities, even those officially
‘free’, were ultimately subject to Rome and therefore to the local
governor – if he chose to intervene in their affairs. For the most
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