Emerging Romanticism in the 18th century
Joseph Vernet
, 1759, Shipwreck; the 18th- century "sublime"
Joseph Wright
, 1774, Cave at evening,
Smith College Museum of Art
,
Northampton,
Massachusetts
Henry Fuseli
, 1781,
The Nightmare
, a classical artist whose themes often anticipate the
Romantic
Philip James de Loutherbourg
,
Coalbrookdale by Night
, 1801, a key location of the English
Industrial Revolution
French Romantic painting
Théodore Géricault
,
The Charging Chasseur
, c. 1812
Ingres
,
The Death of Leonardo da Vinci
, 1818, one of his
Troubadour style
works
Eugène Delacroix
, Collision of Moorish Horsemen, 1843–44
Eugène Delacroix
, The Bride of Abydos, 1857, after the poem by Byron
Other
Joseph Anton Koch
, Waterfalls at Subiaco, 1812–1813, a "classical" landscape to art historians
James Ward
, 1814–1815, Gordale Scar
John Constable
, 1821,
The Hay Wain
, one of Constable's large "six footers"
J. C. Dahl
, 1826, Eruption of
Vesuvius
, by Friedrich's closest follower
William Blake
, c. 1824–27,
The Wood of the Self-Murderers: The Harpies and the Suicides
,
Tate
Karl Bryullov
,
The Last Day of Pompeii
, 1833, The
State Russian Museum
,
St. Petersburg, Russia
Isaac Levitan
, Pacific, 1898,
State Russian Museum
,
St.Petersburg
J. M. W. Turner
,
The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons
(1835),
Philadelphia Museum
of Art
Hans Gude
, Winter Afternoon, 1847,
National Gallery of Norway
,
Oslo
Ivan Aivazovsky
, 1850,
The Ninth Wave
,
Russian Museum
,
St. Petersburg
John Martin
, 1852, The Destruction of
Sodom and Gomorrah
,
Laing Art Gallery
Frederic Edwin Church
, 1860,
Twilight in the Wilderness
,
Cleveland Museum of Art
Albert Bierstadt
, 1863,
The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak
Jane Austen
Nikoloz Baratashvili
Prosper Mérimée
Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer
William Blake
Charlotte Brontë
Emily Brontë
Anne Brontë
Robert Burns
Lord Byron
Thomas Carlyle
Alexander Chavchavadze
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Emily Dickinson
Alexandre Dumas
Maria Edgeworth
Romantic authors
Joseph von Eichendorff
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Mihai Eminescu
Ugo Foscolo
Aleksander Fredro
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Nikolai Gogol
Brothers Grimm
Wilhelm Hauff
Nathaniel Hawthorne
E. T. A. Hoffmann
Victor Hugo
Washington Irving
John Keats
Zygmunt Krasiński
Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
Herman Melville
Adam Mickiewicz
Novalis
Friedrich Nietzsche
Cyprian Kamil Norwid
Mikhail Lermontov
Alessandro Manzoni
Gérard de Nerval
Grigol Orbeliani
Petar II Petrović-Njegoš
Edgar Allan Poe
Alexander Pushkin
Ion Heliade Rădulescu
Mary Robinson
George Sand
August Wilhelm von Schlegel
Friedrich von Schlegel
Walter Scott
Mary Shelley
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Juliusz Słowacki
Henry David Thoreau
Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder
William Wordsworth
Gerald Abraham
M. H. Abrams
Donald Ault
Jacques Barzun
Frederick C. Beiser
Ian Bent
Isaiah Berlin
Tim Blanning
Harold Bloom
Friedrich Blume
James Chandler
Jeffrey N. Cox
Carl Dahlhaus
Northrop Frye
Scholars of Romanticism
Maria Janion
Peter Kitson
Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe
Arthur Oncken Lovejoy
Paul de Man
Tilar J. Mazzeo
Jerome McGann
Anne K. Mellor
Jean-Luc Nancy
Ashton Nichols
Leon Plantinga
Christopher Ricks
Charles Rosen
René Wellek
Susan J. Wolfson
See also
Related terms
Goethean science
Humboldtian science
Sentimentalism (literature)
Opposing terms
The Academy
Positivism
Utilitarianism
Related subjects
Coleridge's theory of life
Dark Romanticism
List of romantics
Mal du siècle
Middle Ages in history
Neo-romanticism
Post-romanticism
Opium and Romanticism
Plagiarism and Literary Property in the Romantic Period
Romantic ballet
Romantic epistemology
Romantic hero
Romantic medicine
Romantic poetry
List of Romantic poets
Related movements
Arts and Crafts movement
Decadent movement
Düsseldorf School
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
Vegetarianism and Romanticism
Citations
1. Damrosch, Leopold (1985). Adventures in English Literature. Orlando, Florida: Holt McDougal.
pp. 405–424.
ISBN
0153350458
.
2. Encyclopædia Britannica.
"Romanticism. Retrieved 30 January 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica
Online" (https://web.archive.org/web/20051013060413/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-908
3836)
. Britannica.com. Archived from
the original (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-908383
6)
on 13 October 2005. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
3. Casey, Christopher (October 30, 2008).
""Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time":
Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism" (https://web.archive.org/web/2009051
3053304/http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8)
. Foundations. Volume III, Number 1. Archived
from
the original (http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8)
on May 13, 2009. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
4. David Levin, History as Romantic Art: Bancroft, Prescott, and Parkman (1967)
5. Gerald Lee Gutek, A history of the Western educational experience (1987) ch. 12 on
Johann
Heinrich Pestalozzi
.
Ashton Nichols
, "Roaring Alligators and Burning Tygers: Poetry and Science from William Bartram to
Charles Darwin," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 2005 149(3): 304–15
7. Morrow, John (2011).
"Romanticism and political thought in the early 19th century" (https://www.ca
mbridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/EEBC9BBCC0907F899DC10DE7A4ED
87A9/9780511973581c2_p39-76_CBO.pdf/romanticism_and_political_thought_in_the_early_nineteen
th_century.pdf)
(PDF)
. In
Stedman Jones, Gareth
;
Claeys, Gregory
(eds.). The Cambridge History
of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought.
The Cambridge History of Political Thought
. Cambridge,
United Kingdom:
Cambridge University Press
. pp. 39–76.
doi
:
10.1017/CHOL9780521430562 (http
s://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521430562)
.
ISBN
978-0-511-97358-1
. Retrieved 10 September
2017.
. Coleman, Jon T. (2020). Nature Shock: Getting Lost in America. Yale University Press. p. 214.
ISBN
978-0-300-22714-7
.
9. Barnes, Barbara A. (2006). Global Extremes: Spectacles of Wilderness Adventure, Endless Frontiers,
and American Dreams. Santa Cruz: University of California Press. p. 51.
10.
Perpinya
, Núria.
Ruins, Nostalgia and Ugliness. Five Romantic perceptions of Middle Ages and a
spoon of Game of Thrones and Avant-garde oddity (http://www.logos-verlag.de/cgi-bin/buch/isb
n/3794)
. Berlin: Logos Verlag. 2014
11. Hamilton, Paul (2016). The Oxford Handbook of European Romanticism. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. p. 170.
ISBN
978-0-19-969638-3
.
References
12. Blechman, Max (1999). Revolutionary Romanticism: A Drunken Boat Anthology. San Francisco, CA:
City Lights Books. pp. 84–85.
ISBN
0-87286-351-4
.
13. "'A remarkable thing,' continued Bazarov, 'these funny old Romantics! They work up their nervous
system into a state of agitation, then, of course, their equilibrium is upset.'" (
Ivan Turgenev
,
Fathers
and Sons
, chap. 4 [1862])
14. Szabolcsi, B. (1970). "The Decline of Romanticism: End of the Century, Turn of the Century--
Introductory Sketch of an Essay". Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 12
(1/4): 263–289.
doi
:
10.2307/901360 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F901360)
.
JSTOR
901360 (http
s://www.jstor.org/stable/901360)
.
15. Novotny, 96
1 . From the Preface to the 2nd edition of
Lyrical Ballads
, quoted Day, 2
17. Day, 3
1 . Ruthven (2001) p. 40 quote: "Romantic ideology of literary authorship, which conceives of the text
as an autonomous object produced by an individual genius."
19. Spearing (1987) quote: "Surprising as it may seem to us, living after the Romantic movement has
transformed older ideas about literature, in the Middle Ages authority was prized more highly than
originality."
20. Eco (1994) p. 95 quote: Much art has been and is repetitive. The concept of absolute originality is a
contemporary one, born with Romanticism; classical art was in vast measure serial, and the
"modern" avant-garde (at the beginning of this century) challenged the Romantic idea of "creation
from nothingness", with its techniques of collage, mustachios on the Mona Lisa, art about art, and
so on.
21. Waterhouse (1926), throughout; Smith (1924); Millen, Jessica Romantic Creativity and the Ideal of
Originality: A Contextual Analysis, in
Cross-sections, The Bruce Hall Academic Journal – Volume VI,
2010 PDF (http://eview.anu.edu.au/cross-sections/vol6/pdf/ch07.pdf)
; Forest Pyle, The Ideology
of Imagination: Subject and Society in the Discourse of Romanticism (Stanford University Press,
1995) p. 28.
22. 1963–, Breckman, Warren (2008). European Romanticism: A Brief History with Documents. Rogers
D. Spotswood Collection. (1st ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martins.
ISBN
978-0-312-45023-6
.
OCLC
148859077 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/148859077)
.
23. Day 3–4; quotation from M.H. Abrams, quoted in Day, 4
24. Berlin, 92
25. Schellinger, Paul (8 April 2014).
"Novel and Romance: Etymologies" (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=FPdRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA942)
. Encyclopedia of the Novel. Routledge. p. 942.
ISBN
978-1-
135-91826-2
.
2 . Saul, Nicholas (9 July 2009).
The Cambridge Companion to German Romanticism (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=vy5AAw9ODMgC&pg=PA1)
. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–.
ISBN
978-0-
521-84891-6
.
27. Ferber, 6–7
2 .
Athenaeum (https://books.google.com/books?id=AGgyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA122)
. Bey F. Vieweg
dem Älteren. 1800. p. 122. "Ich habe ein bestimmtes Merkmahl des Gegensatzes zwischen dem
Antiken und dem Romantischen aufgestellt. Indessen bitte ich Sie doch, nun nicht sogleich
anzunehmen, daß mir das Romantische und das Moderne völlig gleich gelte. Ich denke es ist etwa
ebenso verschieden, wie die Gemählde des Raphael und Correggio von den Kupferstichen die jetzt
Mode sind. Wollen Sie sich den Unterschied völlig klar machen, so lesen Sie gefälligst etwa die Emilia
Galotti die so unaussprechlich modern und doch im geringsten nicht romantisch ist, und erinnern
sich dann an Shakspeare, in den ich das eigentliche Zentrum, den Kern der romantischen Fantasie
setzen möchte. Da suche und finde ich das Romantische, bey den ältern Modernen, bey Shakspeare,
Cervantes, in der italiänischen Poesie, in jenem Zeitalter der Ritter, der Liebe und der Mährchen, aus
welchem die Sache und das Wort selbst herstammt. Dieses ist bis jetzt das einzige, was einen
Gegensatz zu den classischen Dichtungen des Alterthums abgeben kann; nur diese ewig frischen
Blüthen der Fantasie sind würdig die alten Götterbilder zu umkränzen. Und gewiß ist es, daß alles
Vorzüglichste der modernen Poesie dem Geist und selbst der Art nach dahinneigt; es müßte denn
eine Rückkehr zum Antiken seyn sollen. Wie unsre Dichtkunst mit dem Roman, so fing die der
Griechen mit dem Epos an und löste sich wieder darin auf."
29. Ferber, 7
30. Christiansen, 241.
31. Christiansen, 242.
32. in her Oxford Companion article, quoted by Day, 1
33. Day, 1–5
34. Mellor, Anne; Matlak, Richard (1996). British Literature 1780–1830. NY: Harcourt Brace &
Co./Wadsworth.
ISBN
978-1-4130-2253-7
.
35. Edward F. Kravitt,
The Lied: Mirror of Late Romanticism (https://books.google.com/books?id=WpR6
Ja9eQzYC&pg=PA47&dq=%22Four+Last+Songs%22+%22Late+Romantic%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FC92
T8K_JIWA8gPP3JCeDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Four%20Last%20Songs%22%20%
22Late%20Romantic%22&f=false)
(New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996): 47.
ISBN
0-300-06365-2
.
3 . Greenblatt et al., Norton Anthology of English Literature, eighth edition, "The Romantic Period –
Volume D" (New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc., 2006):
37. Johnson, 147, inc. quotation
3 . Barzun, 469
39. Day, 1–3; the arch-conservative and Romantic is
Joseph de Maistre
, but many Romantics swung
from youthful radicalism to conservative views in middle age, for example Wordsworth.
Samuel
Palmer
's only published text was a short piece opposing the
Repeal of the corn laws
.
40. Berlin, 57
41. Several of Berlin's pieces dealing with this theme are collected in the work referenced. See in
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