THE ESTABLISHED OF KOKAND KHANATE AND POLITIC LIFE
The Kokand Khanate is one of the Uzbek khanates (18th-19th centuries).
The capital is Kokand. Shahrukhbi, a descendant of thousands of Uzbeks, founded
it in 1709. Initially, this state included Kokand and Namangan. These included
Margilan, Konibodom, Isfara and the surrounding villages. During the reign of
Abdurahimbi, a military campaign was launched against the Bukhara Khanate and
Samarkand was captured (1732). During the reign of Abdul Karimbi in 1746, the
Kalmyks invaded the Fergana Valley, captured the cities of Osh, Andijan and
Margilan, and laid siege to Kokand. The Kokand people, together with the troops
of the governor of Uratepa Fozilbi, who came to their aid, drove them out of the
Fergana Valley. During the Norbotabi period, the independence uprisings of the
Chust and Namangan beys were suppressed. Irrigation facilities will be built in the
country, trade and handicrafts, agriculture will be developed and relatively cheap.
THE FLAG OF KOKAND KHANATAE
During the reign of Norbek's son Olimbek, the political position of Kokand
was strengthened, military reforms were carried out, the Ahangaran oasis,
Tashkent, Shymkent and Sayram were subjugated, and foreign trade was
intensified. In 1805, the state was officially declared the Kokand Khanate, and
Olimbek received the title of "Khan". Alimkhan's efforts to build a strong
centralized state have sparked protests among some high-ranking aristocrats. As a
result, they took advantage of Olimkhan's travels to spread rumors in Kokand in
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1810 that "Olimkhan died in Tashkent" and crowned his brother Umarbek. When
Olimkhan found out about it, he went to Kokand, but he was shot dead in Altikush
district.
During the reign of Umarkhan, measures were taken to strengthen and
expand the khanate's power. In 1815 Turkestan of the Bukhara Khanate was
conquered, and in 1817 Uratepa. A number of military fortifications were built
along the Syrdarya; attention was paid to the expansion of irrigation facilities, the
digging of canals, and the construction of mosques and madrassas. In particular,
mosques and madrasas were built in Kokand, Tashkent, Turkestan, Shymkent,
Sayram, Awliyota (now Jambul). The tombs are arranged. During the reign of
Umarkhan, science, literature and art flourished in the Kokand khanate. His
beloved wife, the famous Uzbek poetess Nodirabegim, played an important role in
this. Umarkhan himself wrote ghazals in Uzbek and Tajik under the pseudonym
"Amir". After Umarkhan's death, his 12-year-old son Muhammad Alikhan
ascended the throne. As the khan was young, the state was initially ruled by his
mother, Nodi-rabegim. Nodirabegim strives to develop culture and art.
In 1826, an army was mobilized in East Turkestan to help the Muslim
population revolt against the Chinese. As a result, the Chinese government was
forced to transfer the right to collect taxes from six cities in East Turkestan (Aksu,
Kashgar, Yorkend, Khotan, etc.) to the Kokand Khanate..
In 1865, in Kokand, the Kipchaks and Kyrgyz solemnly proclaimed
Khudoykulbek khan. He ruled for only 14 days, then fled to Kashgar with all the
treasures and valuables. Khudoyorkhan recaptured the throne of Kokand without
any resistance (1865-75). Taking advantage of such an unstable internal situation,
Russia launched an offensive against the Kokand Khanate. As a result, during
1853-65 he conquered Oqmachit, Tokmak, Pishpak, Avliyota, Turkestan,
Shymkent, Tashkent and their environs. On July 14, 1867, Emperor Alexander II
established the Turkestan Military District and established the Governor-General
of Turkestan from the occupied territories of Central Asia. Due to the invasion of
Tsarism, the borders of the Kokand Khanate were significantly reduced. Revenues
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to the treasury fell sharply. The khan introduced new taxes to replenish the
treasury. The people were dissatisfied with this and in 1871 a revolt broke out in
Sokh. The uprising turned into an armed uprising. The longest-running Polatkhan
uprising in Central Asian history took place. Russian troops defeated the rebels and
Polatkhan was taken prisoner. He was hanged on March 1, 1876 in the city of
Margilan. The Tsarist armies conquered the Kokand Khanate, officially abolished
the khanate and established the Fergana region in its place.
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THE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF KOKAND KHANATE.
The capital was Kokand city
Languages (s) are Uzbek, Tajik, Kazakh and Kyrgyz
Religion was Islam
The area was 220 thousand km²
The population is Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs and Kipchaks
The form of government was absolute monarchy
Khanate.
- 1709–1721 Shohrukhbiy
- 1800–1809 Olimxon
- 1822–1842 Muhammad Ali
- 1845–1858 Muhammad Khudoyor khan
- 1866–1875 Muhammad Khudoyor khan
- 1875 Nasriddin.
The Kokand Khanate has 15 region. The population of the Kokand khanate
was about 3 million. After the invasion of the northwestern provinces by the
Tsarist forces, the territory of the khanate was significantly reduced, mainly limited
to the Fergana Valley, and the population fell to about 2 million.
The population of the Kokand khanate consisted mainly of Uzbeks, Tajiks,
Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Uighurs, and Karakalpaks. Land tenure and use were also
different in the Kokand khanate. The lands belonging to the khanate were divided
into am-lok lands, waqf lands, khiraj property and ushriya property. Individual
farming is also developed among farmers. Many of the poor peasants who had
been displaced were in the hands of large landowners. The value of land is
determined by its fertility and the amount of water it provides. Due to the fact that
the irrigation system was a major source of income, the khans paid some attention
to its maintenance and expansion of irrigation facilities. In the Kokand khanate
many cotton and melon crops were grown, horticulture and silkworm breeding
were developed. Craftsmanship was rich and varied in content. These are:
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coppersmithing, jewelry, carving, military weapons, pottery and pottery, paper,
artistic textiles, doppi, embroidery, bridge building, blacksmithing and urban.
In addition, the khanate also has a certain amount of mineral resources. But
their production was so simple and scarce that they could not meet the need.
However, the metal produced in the khanate was more expensive than the metal
imported from Russia. Products made in the Kokand khanate were also exported
and were in demand. Therefore, the industry has developed to some extent.
Trade played an important role in the life of the Kokand Khanate. It is
divided into domestic and foreign trade. Domestic trade in the Asian khanates,
mainly Since then, it has been based on the products of nomadic pastoralists,
settled farmers and urban and rural artisans. The population mainly met their needs
with the products of their khanate.
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THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF KOKAND KHANATE.
In the Kokand khanate there were the following positions: commander,
father, sheikhulislam, qazi-kalon, kushbegi, mehtar, parvonachi, naqib, dodkhoh,
doorkeeper, inoq, shigovul, toqsoba, mirokhur, kara-vulbegi and others.
The military ranks available in the Kokand Khanate were as follows: The
commander-in-chief usually served as a minister. Later there were ponsadboshi,
yuzboshi, ellikboshi, onboshi, zambarakchi and others. In addition, there were
other military positions. The soldiers and artillerymen who lived in Kokand were
only under the permanent control of the deputy, dodkhoh. During the war, the
deputy, dodhoh, received all the soldiers of the army in his unit and handed over
the temporary command to a specially appointed emir (commander-in-chief).
In the first half of the 19th century, the Kokand Khanate included the
following territories: the Kokand region between the left bank of the Syrdarya and
Qorategin; Namangan region from the right bank of the Syrdarya to Alatov;
Khojand city; Uratepa region between Khojand and Tashkent. The most pants of
the khanate. Turkestan region, Betpaq-steppe deserts. In addition, the khanate
included the territory of Olay, between Lake Balkhash and the upper reaches of the
Syrdarya. A number of mountainous districts to the west of Billurtog, such as
Qorategin, Darboz, Kulob, and Shugnan, also belonged to the Kokand Khanate.
Although these lands were conquered by the Kokands in the 1930s, they often
passed from hand to hand, mostly to the Emir of Bukhara.
It is obvious that the cultural life of the Kokand khanate in the first half of
the 18th and 19th centuries also underwent significant positive changes and shifts.
In the 19th century, historiography flourished in the Kokand Khanate. Several
previous historical works have been translated from Persian and Arabic into
Uzbek, and new books have been written. These new works also had their own
peculiarities - some of them were written in a poetic or partially poetic way. This
shows that Kokand historians not only knew literature well, but also wrote poetry.
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For example, "Tarihi Jahannamoyi" (Junayd Mullo Avazmuhammad Mullo Rozi
Muhammad Sufi oglu), "Shohnoma" (Abdulkarim Fazliy Namangani),
"Shohnomayi Umarkhani" (Mirzo Qalandar Mushrif Isfaragi, who wrote Fazliy
Namangani's "Zafarnoma" in prose). "Muntaxab at-tavorix" (Khoja Muhammad
Hakimkhan-tora bin Sayyid Masumkhan), "Tarihi Shohrukhiy" ("Tarihi sayyidi
Khudoyorkhan", Mullo Niyaz Muhammad Khoqandi Niyazi bin Mullo bin Ashur
Muhammad Khoqandi), "Tarihi jadidai Tashkent (Muhammad Salixo`) ),
"Shohnoma" (Mahzun Ziyovuddin Khoqandi), "Jangnomai Khudoyorkhan"
(Shavqiy Namangani) and others
The literary environment of Kokand, formed in the early 19th century, also
played an important role in the cultural life of the khanate. A number of
representatives of the Kokand rulers continued the Timurid tradition, engaged in
science and education, and made great efforts to develop this field. In particular,
the periods of Umarkhan (1810–22) and Muhammad Alikhan (1822–41) differed
from the Kokand khans.
In particular, Akmal (Makhmur's father), Amir (Kokand khan Umarkhan),
Bokikhantora, Muhammad Sharif, Gulkhani, Makhmur (Mahmud), Muntazir,
Nizami Hoqandi (real name Nizomiddin Muhammadaminhoja's son), Nodir, Nozil
Muhammad Avaz, Avazmuhammad Yormu Poets such as Pisandi, Fazli
Namangani and Ghazi were famous among the people.
At the beginning of the 18th century, during the political crisis in the
Ashtarkhanid khanate, Fergana was separated from Bukhara. The independent
state, centered in Kokand, was ruled first by the khojas and then by the Ming
dynasty. The khanate included Namangan, Kokand, Andijan and Margilan regions.
Shah Rukhbi from the Ming tribe of Uzbeks was proclaimed the first ruler. In
1721/22, Shah Rukh was killed in a dispute between some groups of emirs. His son
Abdurahimbi (1721 / 17-1733) annexed Khojand and Andijan to the khanate, and
occupied Samarkand, Kattakurgan, and Jizzakh. During the reign of his brother
Abdukarim (1733–1747 / 48), Osh was conquered. The next twenty years are
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marked by frequent changes of rulers. In 1770, the Kokand aristocracy proclaimed
Norbota (1770-1800) as ruler. He succeeded in suppressing the secessionist efforts
of the rulers of Chust, Namangan, and Khojand. Norbotabiy also sent troops to
Tashkent, but was unable to subdue the city. During the Norbutab period, relative
political stability was achieved, which in turn led to economic development. The
irrigation system has been expanded, and new madrassas, including the Mir
madrassa, have been built. Norbota's son Olimbek (1800-1809) significantly raised
the political status of Kokand. In his efforts to centralize power, Alimkhan relied
on a mercenary army of mountain Tajiks. He conquered Tashkent and Fergana,
and marched on Uratepa several times.
Khudayar Khan
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THE IST OF USED LETERATURE
1 R.Shamsutdinov, Sh.Karimov. Vatan tarixi. – T.: “Sharq”. 2010-yil.
2
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo%CA%BBqon_xonligi
3
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo%CA%BBqon_xonligi#Tarix
4 https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xudoyorxon
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