26
iii.
The lubricant’s viscosity is affected by the composition of the gas and the
pressure of the gas in the compressor cylinder in two ways
–
dilution and
washing. D
ilution refers to the reduction in a lubricant’s viscosity as it absorbs a
gas, while washing refers to the removal of lubricant from the cylinder wall due to
liquids in the gas stream. Dilution will be discussed in detail through the rest of
this thesis while washing will only be briefly mentioned.
2.2 - Fluid Viscosity
Three of the four previous sources note the importance of using the cigarette paper test to
ensure the compressor cylinders are properly lubricated. However, the cigarette
paper test
comes with the complication that
it does not account for reductions in the lubricant’s viscosity at
the compressor’s operating conditions.
Let us first examine the concept of viscosity and the
implications it would have for a reciprocating compressor.
The viscosity of a fluid
is defined by Merriam-
Webster as: “
the property of resistance to flow in
any material with fluid
properties
” or “
the mathematical ratio of the tangential frictional force per
unit area to the velocity gradient perpendicular to the direction of flow of a liquid
”
(Merriam-
Webster, n.d.).
The first definition provides the simplest description of a fluid’s resistance to
flow; implying that honey and water have different viscosities. The second definition would be
best appreciated in tandem with an illustration and we will begin a derivation of viscosity here
using Figure 16 as a reference.
27
Figure 16: A differential fluid element between two plates
Figure 16 depicts a volume of fluid between two plates separated by
a distance
𝑑𝑧
. The lower
plate is held stationary. The upper plate is then moved to the right at a constant speed
producing a linear velocity gradient in the fluid as shown in Figure 17.
Figure 17: The sheared fluid element after some differential time step (dt)
The shear on the fluid element is given by the angle
𝛾
which can be calculated as:
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝛾 = tan
−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
Equation 2
28
Using the small angle approximation reduces this to:
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝛾 =
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
Equation 3
Using the velocity of the upper plate and the differential time step allows us to write:
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝛾 =
𝑑𝑈𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
Equation 4
We then define the shear rate as the change in the shear with respect to time:
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝛾̇ =
𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑑𝑈
𝑑𝑧
Equation 5
Measuring the velocity of the upper plate and the separation distance between
the two plates
allows for a calculation of the shear rate. Additionally, the force required to move the plate can
be measured to calculate the shear stress acting on the fluid. In rheology, fluids
are subjected to
increasing shear stresses while the shear rate in the fluid is measured. This allows for a plot of
the shear stress versus the shear rate in the fluid as shown in Figure 18.
Figure 18: A comparison of fluids with different rheological properties
29
The relationship between the shear stress and the shear rate is termed the dynamic viscosity.
The dynamic viscosity is represented symbolically by the small, Greek letter mu
or eta and is
defined as:
𝜇 = 𝜂 =
𝜏
𝛾̇ = [
𝑀
𝐿𝑇]
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