Raising the Bar: Impacts and Implementation of the New Heights Program for Expectant and Parenting Teens in Washington, dc


Choice of covariates to include in the model



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New Heights Final Report

Choice of covariates to include in the model
Changes in student demographics that occur at the same time as the New Heights expansion 
could lead to a biased estimate of the effect of New Heights expansion if (1) we do not control 
for the covariates, (2) that change differentially affects eligible parents, and (3) the affected 
student demographics are correlated with student outcomes (see Appendix B for a description of 
demographic changes occurring after the expansion of New Heights). For example, if there is a 
trend toward students becoming parents at a later age, and if older students tend to have worse 
attendance rates, then this change in the age of parents could bias our estimate if we do not 
control for it. Additionally, if student-level covariates explain variation in the outcome, we can 
make our estimates more precise by controlling for these covariates.
To control for possible changes in demographics and to improve the precision of our 
estimates, we included in the regression model several covariates that could be correlated with 
C.4 


APPENDIX C: ANALYTIC METHODS OF IMPACT ANALYSIS AND RESULTS FROM ALTERNATIVE MODELS
 
outcomes. These include age indicators (younger than 13, ages 13 through 20, age 21 or 22, and 
23 or older);
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 race and ethnicity indicators; and an indicator for being over-age at 9th grade.
To create the indicator for being over-age at 9th grade, we used a student’s age in her first 
observed semester in a DCPS school, regardless of whether it was a study school, and inferred 
the student’s age in the fall semester of 9th grade assuming a normal age progression. For 
example, if a student is first observed in a DCPS school in the fall semester of her junior year, 
we calculated the student’s age in the fall semester of 9th grade as her first observed age, minus 
two years. The indicator is 1 if the inferred age in the fall semester of 9th grade is greater than 
15. The indicator for being over-age in 9th grade was missing for some students in our analysis. 
Individuals were not excluded from the analysis if they were missing these data. Instead, we 
accounted for missing data using dummy variable adjustment, replacing missing values with the 
average among nonmissing values and including in the regression an indicator for whether the 
original value of the covariate was missing.

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