Questions. Do you know any of ancestors to have been one of the flows of bring novelty to the world? To what extend did their work contribute to the world civilization? Who invented the first electrical clock in 1092? Who was al- kindi ?

Questions.
1.Do you know any of ancestors to have been one of the flows of bring novelty to the world?
2. To what extend did their work contribute to the world civilization?

3.Who invented the first electrical clock in 1092?

4.Who was al- Kindi ?
5. Discuss the importance of oriental input to the world civilization.
Answers

1. Mirza Ulugh Beg was born in 1394 in the city of Sultaniyeh (currently Iran) during his grandfather’s (Amir Temur’s) five-year campaign. His father was Amir Temur’s younger son Shohruh Mirza (1377-1447). The real name of Mirza Ulugh Beg named after Amir Temur’s father was Muhammad Taraghay. As a child he demonstrated a logical mind and sharp brain, for which his grandfather called him Ulugh Beg (Great Bey – translation from Turkic). It was under this name that he became known in history and fully justified the expectations of his grandfather.
Main scientific works

Ulugh Beg’s main area of interest in science was astronomy. In 1428 the construction of the Ulugh Beg observatory was completed. Its main mechanism was the quadrant with a radius of 40 meters, the only one of its kind in the world at the time. Ulugh Beg’s associates included prominent astronomers such as Qadi Zada al-Rumi, Ghiyath al-Din al-Kashi, and Ali Qushji.

Ulugh Beg’s main work in astronomy, Ziji Jadidi Guragani (New astronomical tables of Guragana) was in Persian and consisted mainly of the tables of coordinates of stars. The compilation of 1018 stars with high precision of spheric coordinates made hime famous initially in the Muslim world, and later (starting from the mid-17th century) in Europe and the whole world.
Abu Ali al-Huseyn ibn Abdallah ibn Sina was born in Afshana near Bukhara. He got primary education by his father, then he learned sciences at Abu Abdallah an- Natili in Bukhara. For special achievements in 996 the young Huseyn was invited to emir Nuha ibn Mansura as-Samani’s palace (976-997). But soon the rulling of Samanids ended and after 1002 year Ibn Sino moved to Gurganj – to the khorezmshah Abu-l-Hasana Ali ibn Mamun (997-1009). Here he becoms one of the most active members of Mamun academy. In 1011 Ibn Sino, leave Gurganj with masihi, avoiding the chase of sultan Mahmud Gaznevi. He going to Abivard at thee north of Horasan, then – to the Nishapur and then – to the Gurgan and then – from 1014 to 1037 he live in Re, Isfahan. Ibn Sino died in 1037 year in Hamadanl. His grave saved here till our days.
Main science works

Ibn Sino was the real encyclopedia-scientist successfully worked almost all kinds of subjects of knowledge of his times. There are more than 450 his works, and about 240 of them saved till our days, they are written mainly in Arabic.

Scientific opinion of Ibn Sino is well considered in his following works: al-kanun fi-t-tibb (Canons of Medicine) – medical encyclopedia, in which organized all the questions of theoretical and practical medicine of that period of time; it consists of 5 books. Kitab ash-shifa (the book of healing) – philosophical encyclopedia, which contain of 4 parts: logic, extact sciences, mathematic sciences, metaphysics (theology). Kitab an-najat (the book of saving) – the short version of book on healing. Danish-name (the book of knowledge) – philosophic work in Persian, in which he considered many question of theoretic philosophy, and logic as well. Risala al-iksir (tract of elixir) – honored to chemistry, to practical ways of transmutation of steels, al-Aydviyat al-kalbiya (medicine for heart) – philosophic-medicine work, honored of healing heart diseases, in which giving the authors opinion about a soul. Salaman va Ibsal (Salaman and Ibsal), (Alive son of Awake) – literature-philosophic stories. Correspondence with Ibn Sino and Beruni on physics and philosophy.

The range of interests of the scientist is very wide: medicine, philosophy, logic, psychology, physics, astronomy, math, music, chemistry, ethics, literature, linguistics and etc. But Ibn Sino became famous mainly because of his works for medicine and philosophy. The “Canons of Medicine” and philosophic encyclopedia “the book of healing”, which includes not only philosophic questions, but also of natural knowledge.

2. Contribution to world scientific heritage

First of all, Ulugh Beg`s contribution to the world scientific heritage includes the catalogue of 1018 stars. The first star catalogue was compiled in the 2nd century B.C. by the ancient Greek astronomer, Hipparchus. Later astronomers introduced amendments to Hipparchus’ catalogue without performing original observations. By the beginning of the 15th century discrepancies between the actual position of the stars in the sky and their coordinates became significant, and Ulugh Beg decided to conduct his own measurements of the coordinates of stars. Thus, his table became the first catalogue after Hipparchus (i.e. 16 centuries later!) that was obtained on the basis of original astronomical measurements. This is the enduring scientific value Ulugh Beg’s Zij.

Contribution to mathematics

The core text of Ulugh Beg’s main work “New astronomical tables of Guragana” begins with trigonometric tables of very high accuracy. The table of sines is compiled with an increment of one minute, the table of tangents – in the range of 1-45 degrees with an increment of one minute, in the range of 45-90 degrees – with an increment of 5 minutes. The values are given to Quint 60-ary number system, which gives 7 to 12 correct digits in terms of the decimal system, i.e. the tables are compiled with the precision to 10–7–10–12.

In order to find the value of sin1° with great precision, Ulugh Beg, together with his colleagues developed a method of successive approximations , as set forth in his treatise “On the computation of the sine of one degree.”

In order to formulate the astronomical tables, which required the calculation of trigonometric functions and the coordinates of the stars with the abovementioned accuracy in a very large quantity, Ulugh Beg set up a research center, which became a prototype for the modern data centers.

Contribution to the World Science

Ibn Sino has taken an active part in many kinds of science, offering very modern scientific ideas of his period of time.

In astronomy, in one of his works, quoting by Beruni, Ibn Sino give his specific way of calculating of length of a city, using the watching of shadowing of the moon; he firstly made a tool, which from XVI cent. Was known as “nonius” (radial astronomic tool for calculating of some spherihic coordinates of suns), By the name of Portugal scientist Nonius who was the second to explored it.

He made some theories in natural knowledge about the origin of earthquakes, volcanoes, appearance of mountains, which was set in modern geology, made classification of a things, classification of a sciences, in which he set the natural sciences for the first place

In medicine he made new and effective methods of diagnosis, therapeutical and surgeon healing, most of which was secondly discovered in Europe. Also Ibn Sino brought much new in anatomy. For example he fixed prescription of the eye and its functions, gave a new explanation of viewing process, close to the modern imagination. Famous historian, academic V.N. Ternovsky, prescription of structure and function of vessels, nerves and muscles give the link between anatomy and practic, which let to consider the basist of Russian practic anatomy N. Pirogov as a follower of Avicenna.
Avicenna was a good diagnosis. Some of his methods of diagnosis doesn’t lose its meaning to the nowadays.

For example, precussion – understanding of diseases by knocking to the gland. This method was secondly discovered By Venice doctor Leopold Auenbrugger (1722-1809) after 600 years after Avicenna. This method began practiced only after 50 years. Firstly in the history of medicine Avicenna differed cholera from plague; exactly prescript the symptoms and continuation of meningitis, stomach ulcer, hepatitis, plevritis, leprosy, chicken pox and another illnesses. He understood the rabies, its transmissibility, symptoms and state of patient at this illness.

Avicenna made a lot in developing of surgery. In his medical works, for example, in famous “Canons of Medicine” Avicenna prescript the methods, which nowadays are using in modern surgery. For example, knitting of h(a)emorrhoidal node, stopping the bleeding with tampon, caustic or sewing up, tracheotomy (cut and putting a pipe in the throat for breathing), and also Fixing of dislocation of shoulder with simple pressing on is known as “Avicenna’s method” till nowadays. Besides, Avicenna got a big attention to anesthesia while operations. For this goal he used the plants with narcotic action.
Avicenna took a big part in developing of pharmacy. He ended the formation of new pharmacy, which appeared in the Muslim East based on formation of ancient scientists. His methods of taking, keeping, processing of medical plants are very close to the modern one.
3. In 1092, Chinese innovator Su Sung was the creator of the first mechanical water clock.
4. Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (ca. 800–870 CE) was the first self-identified philosopher in the Arabic tradition. He worked with a group of translators who rendered works of Aristotle, the Neoplatonists, and Greek mathematicians and scientists into Arabic.