Questions 1-10

15  Paragraph B vii
 
y
When the first documentary was produced is 
‘open to question’ – hence there is a ‘debate’. 
One idea is that Nanook of the North (1922) was 
first; however, a group represented by Anthony 
Berwick suggests documentaries can be traced 
back to 1895.
 
y
Paragraph C also mentions a debate about 
documentaries, but this does not refer to their 
origins, but rather to how to make them. 
16  Paragraph C i
 
y
Two approaches to filmmaking are contrasted 
in C. The group typified by John Grierson used 
tripods and sometimes staged scenes by asking 
subjects to repeat actions. On the other hand, the 
Direct Cinema movement rejected this approach 
and preferred more natural films. They used 
hand-held cameras and did not rehearse subjects. 
 
y
Both these approaches are ‘historic’ – in the past.
 
y
As a distraction, the word ‘however’ appears in 
the middle of paragraph B. But the two types of 
film here are described as ‘similar’; the approach 
to filmmaking is not being contrasted, only the 
dates when the films were made. 
17  Paragraph D viii
 
y
Paragraph D outlines how new technologies 
have made it possible for ‘anyone/amateurs’ to 
become filmmakers. 
 
y
Paragraph F provides distraction, but F is talking 
about ‘promoting’ films, not ‘creating’ them. 
18  Paragraph E v
 
y
The focus here is on ‘one film’ (Catfish). Films are 
named in many other paragraphs as distraction, 
but none of them are said to represent the 
‘fresh approach’ that is outlined in the whole 
paragraph. 
 
y
The idea of a ‘fresh approach’ is common in E: 
‘new generation’, ‘new philosophy’, ‘new trend’, 
‘new realisation’, etc. 
19  Paragraph F iii
 
y
A wide range of opportunities need to be 
mentioned; paragraph F names four festivals and 
refers to many others. 
 
y
Paragraph D provides distraction, but D is about 
making films, whereas F is about promoting them. 
ii  provides distraction. Different approaches to 
filmmaking by groups is mentioned, but not two 
individuals. 
vi  provides distraction. None of the paragraphs outline 
possible future trends. 
Questions 20–23 
20  D
Compare with Maria Fiala quote in paragraph D:
The creation of some new technologies = these innovations 
change viewers’ attitudes = transformed what the public 
expected to see did not = isn’t entirely accurate
21  C
Compare with Paula Murphy’s reported speech in 
paragraph C:
beliefs and techniques = principles and methods helped 
to make documentary films = brought documentaries to 
the attention of academically respectable = university 
and film historians; serious scholarly analysis
22  A
Compare with Dr Helmut Fischer quote in paragraph A:
putting material on film = record an incident on camera 
changes the nature of the original material = altering its 
reality essentially = fundamental way 
23  E
Compare with Josh Camberwell’s quote and reported 
speech in paragraph E:
have an obligation = it is a requirement include their 
own opinions about and analysis of = express a