Qarshi filiali toshkent irrigatorlar instituti

OLIY VA O'RTA TA'LIM VAZIRLIGI
O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI MAXSUS TA’LIM
QARSHI FILIALI
TOSHKENT IRRIGATORLAR INSTITUTI
VA Qishloq xo'jaligini mexanizatsiyalash



Kafedra: Tillar


Topshiriq-11



Bajardi:Maxmudova Gulsumoy
Guruh: 21-S-YKvaYF-124

Qashqadaryo – 2022
Oxford–Cambridge rivalry
Rivalry between the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge is a phenomenon going back many centuries. During most of that time, they were the only two universities in England and Wales, making the rivalry more intense than it is now.
The University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, sometimes collectively known as Oxbridge, are the two oldest universities in England. Both were founded more than 800 years ago, and between them they have produced a large number of Britain's most prominent scientists, writers and politicians, as well as noted figures in many other fields. Yet for many of these centuries the two universities were unrecognisable as universities in the modern sense, as they were largely institutions for producing clergymen and were thus strongly tied to the Church. Competition between Oxford and Cambridge also has a long history, dating back to around 1208 when Cambridge was founded by scholars taking refuge from hostile townsmen in Oxford.^[1]

Similarities between Oxford and Cambridge[edit]

The chapel of King's College, Cambridge: a famous symbol of both the city and the university

Academic reputation[edit]

In 2012 the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings, based on a survey of 13,388 academics over 131 countries which was then the largest evaluation of academic reputation to date^[2] found that both Cambridge and Oxford belonged to the elite group of six universities touted as the 'globally recognized super brands';^[3][4] The other four were Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of California, Berkeley, and Stanford University.

Institutions and facilities[edit]

Oxford and Cambridge both have:

• 
  University Churches (University Church of St Mary the Virgin and Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge)
  
• 
  well-regarded publishing houses (Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press)
  
• 
  Continuing Education sections (Oxford University Department for Continuing Education and Institute of Continuing Education)
  
• 
  botanical gardens (University of Oxford Botanic Garden and Cambridge University Botanic Garden)
  
• 
  museums (the Ashmolean and the Fitzwilliam)
  
• 
  legal deposit libraries (the Bodleian and the Cambridge University Library)
  
• 
  debating societies (the Oxford Union and the Cambridge Union)
  
• 
  business schools (the Saïd Business School and the Judge Business School)
  
• 
  science parks (Oxford Science Park and Cambridge Science Park)
  
• 
  theatrical societies and groups (the Oxford University Dramatic Society, The Oxford Imps and The Oxford Revue; the Cambridge Footlights, The Cambridge University Amateur Dramatic Club and the Marlowe Society)
  

Collegiate structure[edit]

Oxford and Cambridge also share a common collegiate structure: each university has more than 30 semi-autonomous residential colleges (see Colleges of the University of Cambridge, Colleges of the University of Oxford), which provide the environments in which students live, work and sleep.
Applicants must choose a specific college when applying to Oxford or Cambridge, or allow the university to select one for them, as every undergraduate and graduate student must be a member of one of the colleges.^[5][6] However, all colleges are part of the university and students studying the same subject attend the same lectures and exams, irrespective of which college they belong to. Degrees are also awarded by the central university and not by the individual colleges.
Colleges within each university regularly compete with each other in a variety of sporting and other events (e.g. rugby, rowing, athletics and chess), but will pool their talent to form university teams for inter-university contests. In BBC University Challenge current (2021) rules allow entry as college teams from Oxbridge.

Teaching method[edit]

The principal method of undergraduate teaching (other than lectures) is the "supervision" or "tutorial": terms used at Cambridge and Oxford respectively, though the meaning is the same. These are typically weekly or more frequent hour-long sessions in which small groups of students – usually between one and three – meet with a member of the university's teaching staff or a doctoral student. Students are normally required to complete an essay or assignment in advance of the supervision/tutorial, which they will discuss with the supervisor/tutor during the session, along with any concerns or difficulties they have had with the material presented in that week's lectures. Students typically receive one to four tutorials/supervisions per week.^[7]

Neighbouring universities and other institutions[edit]

Within the cities of Oxford and Cambridge are campuses of other universities, respectively Oxford Brookes University and Anglia Ruskin University. In addition, various English language schools, secretarial and other non-university colleges are based in the two cities.

Production of educational materials[edit]

Both Oxford and Cambridge have lent their names to educational materials and institutions associated with the two universities. In addition to their printing houses, the Oxford English Dictionary is a prominent English-language dictionary worldwide, while Cambridge Assessment provides a number of widely recognised qualifications for students (including GCSEs, A-levels and English-language proficiency certificates such as the Certificate in Advanced English). Various earlier examinations boards linked to Oxford, Cambridge or both have now been merged within OCR, part of Cambridge Assessment.

Differences between Oxford and Cambridge[edit]

The cities[edit]

The city of Oxford is larger (having a population about 30 per cent greater than Cambridge's in 2007)^[8][9] and has historically been more urban and industrial, whilst Cambridge more closely resembles an agricultural market town. Oxford is associated with the motor industry (BMW currently produce the Mini in Oxford, and several Formula One teams are based in Oxfordshire and neighbouring counties), whereas the area surrounding Cambridge is known as Silicon Fen—one of the most important technology centres in Europe—that has presence of large companies like Microsoft, Apple, Amazon, ARM, along with many medical technology firms.
Both cities were built near rivers. However, the river is slightly more prominent in Cambridge, flowing closer to the city centre than the two rivers (Isis and Cherwell) which flow around the centre of Oxford. Punting is especially popular in Cambridge along the famous stretch called 'The Backs', which features a number of bridges and 'the backs' of several colleges that abut the River Cam (punting is also popular at Oxford).
Despite many ancient buildings in both Oxford and Cambridge, there are also distinct differences in architecture. Oxford has a uniformity of building material, as a large proportion of the buildings are in the local sandstone. Cambridge, on the other hand, has little local stone, so the building material has been brought in from many different sources, resulting in a greater variety of character. The contrasts in architecture in Cambridge are more pronounced, as can be seen when comparing King's College with the neighbouring Senate House.
Oxford is featured more often in literature and the cinema; films with scenes shot in Oxford include Shadowlands and the Harry Potter movies, while Radcliffe Square was used in the filming of His Dark Materials: Northern Lights. The television series Inspector Morse and Lewis are also set in Oxford. Cambridge may be best known in film as the real-life location of the court race scene portrayed in the film Chariots of Fire (although the scene was filmed at Eton College instead), the film Maurice and for the television series Porterhouse Blue.

Tradition[edit]

There are differences in the terminology traditionally used at the two universities. For example:

• 
  At Oxford, the three terms of the academic year are called Michaelmas, Hilary and Trinity,^[10] whereas at Cambridge they are Michaelmas, Lent and Easter (the Easter term is sometimes called "Exam term").^[11][12][13]
  
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  The large enclosed squares of grass found in most colleges are referred to as "courts" in Cambridge and "quadrangles" (or "quads") in Oxford.
  
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  College cleaners in the two Universities go by different names: in Oxford they are 'scouts' and in Cambridge they are 'bedders'.^[14]
  
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  A Doctor of Philosophy degree is referred to as a "Ph.D." in Cambridge and a "D.Phil." at Oxford.^[15]
  
• 
  The regular teaching meetings between student and tutor are called "tutorials" at Oxford and "supervisions" at Cambridge
  
• 
  College staircases in Oxford are typically numbered whereas those in Cambridge are assigned letters or double letters when there are more than 26 staircases in a given college.
  

It is still compulsory at Oxford to wear formal academic dress (sub fusc) for all university examinations, although this is not the case at Cambridge. During Hilary Term 2006, the students of Oxford voted 81% in favour of keeping formal academic dress at university exams.^[16] In general, however, traditions and the seriousness with which they are taken tend to vary widely amongst the different colleges within each university, showing more variation than between the two universities as a whole.

Admission of women[edit]

For most of their history, only men were permitted to study at and receive degrees from Oxford and Cambridge. Starting in the late 19th century, both universities saw the establishment of residential colleges exclusively for women students: Girton College, Cambridge, was founded in 1869, and Somerville College and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford both opened in 1879. Although Cambridge was the first to accommodate female students, women were not permitted to become full members of the university until 1947, whereas at Oxford this had occurred in 1920.^[17][18]
There are still two colleges at Cambridge which only accept women: Newnham and Murray Edwards. In 2008, Oxford's last all-female college, St Hilda's, admitted men and became coeducational.

The "Oxford for humanities, Cambridge for sciences" belief[edit]

There is a common impression that Oxford is stronger in politics and the humanities, while Cambridge is stronger in the sciences and engineering. Despite both universities' stressing that there is no significant difference between them in either the sciences or humanities today,^[19][20] this disparity in the popular imagination has existed since at least the late 1820s, when The Times newspaper reported on the appointment of Oxford and Cambridge academics to the newly established professorships of University College London: "it is known to be the intention to choose classical professors at Oxford, and mathematical at Cambridge", although in the event both the classical and mathematical professors were eventually chosen from Cambridge.^[21]
In his book, The Decline of Privilege: The Modernization of Oxford University,^[22] Joseph A. Soares, an American sociologist, suggests that Oxford developed a superior political and literary reputation because of its unparalleled connections to England's governing class, its status as the oldest and most traditional university in England, and the greater romantic appeal of Oxford to writers:
...in British cabinets in the twentieth century, Oxford men and women outnumbered Cambridge graduates nearly two to one ... Of eleven prime ministers counting back from Tony Blair, eight were undergraduates at Oxford, and none were at Cambridge ... Oxford has been second to none as a gatekeeper to the political elite...
Academics and novelists have viewed Oxford as the quintessential English university ... authors who portray universities in their novels, as Ian Carter's definitive study of British university fiction since 1945 demonstrated, have been attracted to Oxford by a huge majority. Of the 204 novels written between 1945 and 1988 that featured British academic life, 119 depicted Oxford; Cambridge, with 26 appearances, came in a distant second place ... Carter showed that fictional Oxford signified those values thought to epitomize English society: tolerance, civility, pluralism, and democracy ... To judge from novels on academic life, one would surmise that England's soul dwelled in Oxford.
Because of its relation to the power elite and its hold on the middle-class imagination, Oxford often provided the mental landscape for national self-examination ...
[A] major charge against Oxford was that ... it was anti-science and unconcerned with contributing to economic growth. As we shall see ... there was substance to this criticism before World War II, but there has not been since then.
Despite Oxford University having been the home of almost 60 Nobel prize winners, Cambridge has been associated with an even larger number of Nobel Prize-winning breakthroughs (ca. 90) and a greater fraction of Britain's most culturally significant scientists, including Charles Darwin and Isaac Newton. The authors of Oxford Figures^[21] also suggest that Cambridge's unrivalled intellectual reputation in England, especially although not exclusively in technical fields, could be partly attributed to the emphasis it placed on mathematics for many years:
Cambridge developed, from the mid-eighteenth century onwards, a highly competitive examination culture geared towards ranking students on a mathematical examination, after prolonged coaching. Furthermore ... no student could go on to [study classics unless they had already done well in mathematics]. This system produced ... many of the best mathematicians and scientists of the nineteenth century, as well as some of the best lawyers, clergymen, and other professionals...
Although the Cambridge system in its most competitive form was dropped in the early twentieth century ... [the effect it had on the quality of Oxford applicants] can be seen in the rueful reflections in 1912 of Arthur Joliffe, Fellow and tutor at Corpus Christi College from 1891 to 1920, upon the evidence presented by candidates for Oxford entrance scholarships: