Python Programming for Biology: Bioinformatics and Beyond

(graphics):

Getter (computing):

Goodness-of-fit

(mathematics):

Graphical user interface

(computing):

Hard problem

(computing):

Hashable (computing):

Hash symbol

(computing):

Hash value (computing):

each trial is independent of previous successes and independent

of the trial number.

When considering graphical user interfaces, the process of

arranging graphical items by controlling certain aspects of their

placement and size, the idea being to specify something general

about how items are arranged, such as whether they go to the

left or right and whether they expand to fit empty space, and so

the programmer avoids having to give fine details of exactly

how something is drawn.

A function that gets (fetches) a particular attribute of an object.

The attribute might be stored directly in the object, or it might

be calculated from other attributes.

In statistics, a measure of how two distributions compare,

usually one measured and the other provided by a model.

A means by which the user can interact with a computer

program via graphical items displayed on screen or other

dynamic visual medium.

A problem that is difficult to solve using straightforward,

deterministic means. Although it may be difficult to find the

best solution to such a problem, testing the merit of a given

solution may be significantly easier.

Whether an unchanging hash value (see below) can be assigned

to an object.

The ‘#’ key of a keyboard, often called the pound sign in

America (distinct from the unit of weight or currency) and

elsewhere the number sign.

An integer that can be used as a short identifier for an object in

a look-up data structure. Strictly, this does not have to uniquely

identify the object but works best in practice if not many objects

share the same hash value.

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Height (signals):

Heuristic:

Hidden layer

(computing):

Hidden Markov model

(mathematics):

High cardinality

(computing):

High-throughput

sequence analysis

(biology):

Homogeneous:

Homology (biology):

Homology modelling

(bioinformatics):

Hydrogen bond

(chemistry):

The extreme of magnitude for a signal peak, in contrast to the

volume, which is an integral or summation.

A rule, determined by experience, which is designed to simplify

or speed up a process. A heuristic may be an approximation and

cause errors, but for a good heuristic the benefits will outweigh

the drawbacks.

With reference to machine learning, one of the middle layers of

an artificial neural network, i.e. not the input or output.

A Markov chain where the states are not directly observable.

In data modelling, for an object attribute that is a collection, the

maximum number of items that have to be contained in the

value.

An experiment that studies large numbers of nucleotide

sequences in a biological sample, not limited to merely

discovering the sequence of a genome. For example an analysis

may be used to determine the identities and amounts of

expressed RNA molecules.

Describes something as having relatively even or uniform

properties.

The notion that two biological entities have similarities because

they share a common ancestor and are thus related by evolution.

Often used when describing gene and protein families. When

dealing with biological sequences homology is often inferred by

virtue of sequence similarity.

A synonym for comparative modelling.

A relatively weak chemical bond that occurs between the

hydrogen of a donating group and an electronegative acceptor

atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen. Hydrogen bonds are common

in biological molecules, forming the base-pair interactions

between DNA strands and the backbone secondary structures of

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Hydrophilic (chemistry):

Hydrophobic