Python Programming for Biology: Bioinformatics and Beyond

Attribute

Description

f.closed

Determines whether the file object is closed for reading/writing.

f.mode

Fetches the read/write/append mode that the file object was created

with.

f.name

Gives the name of the file, as represented on disk.

1

Compared to Python 2, in Python 3 all strings are Unicode and the type bytes is used for

immutable binary data, rather than strings.

2

Or to Unicode before Python 3 with unicode(x).

3

Note that the u” syntax was removed in Python 3.0 to 3.2, but reintroduced in 3.3.

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Appendix 3

Standard module highlights

The ‘

string

’ module

The table below lists attributes which can be imported from the string module. It should be

noted that many things that were previously handled using the string module in very old

versions of Python are now generally built into the string class, e.g. a = b.upper(), so we

only list a few of the more useful string constants below.