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[@english books new] IELTS Reading Academic Actual Tests (1)

282 | 
P a g e
 
guide 80 to 90 percent of steelhead salmon and 60 to 70 percent of spring/summer 
chinook salmon away from the turbines and upward through the bypass channel. This 
percentage measure is called fish guidance efficiency, and the rates vary from dam to 
dam. The fish guidance efficiency for fall chinook salmon is about 30 percent.
E.
Three of the four Snake River dams, and McNary Dam on the Columbia River, have fish 
transport facilities. At these four dams, juvenile fish that go through the bypass systems 
can be routed either directly back into the river below the dam, or to holding and loading 
facilities for loading into barges or trucks for transport. The transport barges and trucks 
carry the fish past the remaining projects for release below Bonneville dam. River water 
circulates through the barges allowing the fish to imprint the chemicals and smells of the 
water during the trip downriver. The barges have a closed-circuit recirculation system 
which can shut off water intake in case of contamination in the river. They also have 
pumping systems which can help de-gas the water in areas where gas super saturation 
is a problem.
F.
The Corps runs the Juvenile Fish Transportation Program in cooperation with National 
Marine Fisheries Service, and in accordance with the National Marine Fisheries Service 
hydropower Biological Opinion for salmon. Fifteen to 20 million salmon and steelhead 
have typically been transported each year over the past several years. The program has 
come under criticism in recent years from state and tribal fishery agencies and 
environmental groups, who believe that rather than putting fish in barges, efforts should 
concentrate on improving in-river migration conditions. Hydropower operations can be 
modified to improve in-river migration conditions for fish. During the juvenile fish 
migration seasons, from late March until fall, flows in the river are augmented, and water 
is spilled at the dams, to aid juvenile migration.

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