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Questions 38 - 40
Complete the diagram below based on the third explanation in Reading Passage 3.
Write no more than three words for each answer. 
Example 
B: 
the 
strand
38. A: _______________.
39. C: _______________.
40. D: _______________.

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P a g e
 
Reading Test 22 
SECTION 1
 
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading 
Passage 1 below.
Save Salmon
A.
The Columbia River Basin is North America's fourth largest, draining about 250,000 
square miles and extending throughout the Pacific Northwest and into Canada. There 
are over 250 reservoirs and around 150 hydroelectric projects in the basin, including 18 
main stem dams on the Columbia and its main tributary, the Snake River. The US Army 
Corps of Engineers operates nine of ten major federal projects on the Columbia and 
Snake rivers, and Dworshak Dam on the Clearwater River, Libby Dam on the Kootenai 
River, and Albeni Falls Dam on the Pend Oreille River. The federal projects are a major 
source of power in the region, and provide flood control, navigation, recreation, fish and 
wildlife, municipal and industrial water supply, and irrigation benefits.
B.
The Columbia River Basin provides habitat for five species of salmon (chinook, coho, 
chum, sockeye and pink), steelhead, shad, smelt and lamprey. Salmon hatch in fresh 
water rivers and tributaries where they rear for a year or two. They then migrate to and 
mature in the ocean and return to their place of origin as adults to spawn. Salmon live 
two to five years in the ocean before returning to spawning areas. A number of factors 
have contributed to the decline of salmon stocks in the Columbia and Snake River Basin. 
Overharvesting in the late 1800s into the early 1900s, effects on habitat from farming, 
cattle grazing, mining, logging, road construction, and industrial pollution, and the 
complex of tributary and main stem dams all have had an impact. A variety of ocean 
conditions including currents, pollution, temperature changes, and nutrient base affect 
salmon survival. Dams clearly have had a significant impact, particularly those that 
eliminated access to fresh water habitat (preventing adult fish from returning to spawn), 

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