Psychology of management

the principle of development
lies in the fact that capabilities (both general and 
specific) can be developed; 
c) 
the principle of inexhaustibility
indicates that not a single assessment of a person can 
be considered as final; 
The law of self-evaluation’s inadequacy.
The essence lies in the fact that while trying to 
evaluate oneself a person faces the same inner barriers and limitations as when evaluating other 
people. Self-evaluation is known to be seldom adequate – it is either overrated, or underrated. A 
person is liable to overestimate oneself in something and at the same time to underestimate 
oneself in other things, and this leaves its imprint on the conclusions one makes about oneself. A 
human is not only a rational, logical, and intelligent being, it is also an emotional, irrational, and 
sometimes unreasonable being, which is why the hidden inner motive forces making a person act 
in a certain way, are sometimes not realized by the person. It is for this reason that logical, 
rational self-analysis (as well as that of other people) is never quite adequate. 
The law of information distortion.
It is sometimes called the law of the loss of sense of 
managerial information or the law of managerial information splitting. The essence of this law is 
that managerial information (directives, orders, instructions, etc.) has a tendency of changing its 
meaning in the process of its movement “downwards” In the basis of the loss of information’s 
meaning lies the language in which the information is rendered. No matter how strict and exact 
are the notions used in a language there is always a possibility of different interpreting of the 
same message. It is established that the correctness of spoken information perception is up to 
50%. 
If the information is incomplete, with limited access, and the employees’ need in 
obtaining operational data is satisfied incompletely, it is unavoidable that people start to 
guesswork, invent, complete what they know relying on unverified facts and their own guesses. 
And then the information may not only diminish in volume, but also increase. Besides, people 
percepting and transmitting information differ from each other by their levels in education, 
intellectual development, needs, and by their physical and mental states. This also makes an 
imprint on the process of information transmitting. To make the distortion minimal specialists 
recommend the following: 
1) to decrease as far as possible the number of transfer links taking part in the process of 
information transmission. 

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2) to provide timely employees with the information they need on the problems they are 
to solve. 
3) to maintain feedback with the employees in order to control the correctness of the data 
they get.