Late cytokinesis; juvenile cell (j) emerging from parent lorica. Four arrows on left indicate location of transverse costae (rings).
Fig. 17. Recently released juvenile showing location of costal strips that will form future transverse costae (arrows). Fig. 18. Lorica
assembly; lorica-assembling tentacles (long arrow top right) are moving costal strips into position. Large arrows on left indicate
and inner layer of helical costae (h) in posterior chamber and a single anterior transverse ring (arrow t). Fig. 20. Stephanoeca
showing the open framework of the lorica with two transverse (ring) costae (arrows t) and thinly silicified strips. Fig. 22. Bicosta
14-22 – 2 µm.
264
will form the posterior end of the lorica. Thus, im-
mediately prior to cell division, the accumulation
consists of a complete set of strips inverted with
respect to the parent lorica and with the transverse
strips on the outside. During division the juvenile
cell is inverted with respect to the daughter cell that
will remain within the parent lorica (Fig. 15). At
the same time the outer transverse strips are pulled
down, whilst the horizontal bundles of strips des-
tined for the longitudinal costae rotate to the longi-
tudinal position. As the juvenile cell is pushed out
of the parent lorica it takes with it the accumulated
strips. Those destined for the transverse costae are
now horizontally orientated and are located on the
inner surface of the bundles of vertical strips (Figs.
16, 17). Assembly of the lorica follows immediately
the juvenile has been released from the parent lorica
and involves a forward movement of the lorica-as-
sembling tentacles and a rotational movement with
left-handed conformation (Fig.18).
There are obviously many features in common
between the nudiform and tectiform modes of lo-
rica production, including the left-handed rota-
tional movement. However, the major difference in
tectiform species is the horizontal orientation of the
strips on the juvenile cell that are destined for the fu-
ture transverse (ring) costae. The latter are charac-
teristic of the loricae of tectiform choanoflagellates
(Figs. 10, 11, 14-21). Two groups of tectiform species
can be distinguished. The first group, as exemplified
by Stephanoeca diplocostata, S. norrisi (Figs. 14, 20)
and Saepicula pulchra (Fig. 19) have, in addition to
the outer layer of longitudinal costae, one or more
anterior transverse rings and helical costae in the
posterior chamber. In the case of S. pulchra the ratio
of helical to longitudinal costae is 1:1 (Fig. 19). The
second group, exemplified by Diaphanoeca grandis
and Parvicorbicula socialis (Figs. 11, 21), contains lo-
ricae where the longitudinal costae are maintained in
place by transverse costae alone. It is this group that
contains species with the some of the largest loricae
on record (Thomsen et al., 1990). The combination
of size, reduced numbers of costae and thinly silici-
fied costal strips ideally suits this group to the plank-
tonic mode of existence. The ultimate development is
seen in species of Bicosta where the number of costal
strips is reduced to seven and only longitudinal cos-
tae are evident (Fig. 22).
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