Project Work The Theme: Categories of Old English Verb Student: O’teniyazova Gu’lbaxar. Group: 3D. 303 Teacher: Dawletmuratova Khurziya Categories of Old English Verb

Weak	Strong
Irregular
Indicative	‘to love’	‘to sing’	‘to be’
Infinitive	Lufian	Singan	Bēon
Singular 1st person	Lufie	Singe	Eom
Singular 2nd person	Lufast	Singst	Eart
Singular 3rd person	Lufaþ	Singþ	Is
Plural (all)	Lufiaþ	Singaþ	sind(on)
Subjunctive
Singular (all)	Lufie	Singe	Sīe
Plural (all)	Lufien	Singen	Sīen
Imperative
Singular	Lufa	Sing	Bēo
Plural	Lufiaþ	Singaþ	Bēoþ
Participle	Lufiende	Singende	Wesende
Past	Weak	strong	irregular
Indicative
Singular 1st person	Lufode	Sang	Wæs
Singular 2nd person	Lufodest	Sunge	Wǣre
Singular 3rd person	Lufode	Sang	Wæs
Plural (all)	Lufodon	Sungon	Wǣron
Subjunctive
Singular (all)	Lufode	Sunge	Wǣre
Plural (all)	Lufoden	Sungen	Wǣren
Participle	Gelufod	Gesungen	Gebēon

.
IV.Category of mood in Old English.

Moods aare grammatical feature of verbs used to convey the intention of the speaker . There are three moods in Old English. The indicative, used when the speaker is making a statement, The Imperative, used when giving a command, and the Subjunctive, used when expressing a wish, an outcome conditional on other events, reporting something was said and statements contrary to facts . Verbs in Old English are inflected in order to show their mood. For example:
Indicative Imperative Oblique
þucepst сēр сēре
The Indicative mood. The normal mood of verbs is the indicative. The indicative mood is used for statements and questions. For example:
Hwæt lærest þu on þæm minstere? - What do you teach in the monastery?' 'We læraþ eald Englisc on þæm minstere. We teach old English in the monastery.
The indicative has different inflections for the first, second, third and plural in both the present and the past tense. The maajrity of Old English verbs will be in this mood, just as they are in modern English. The Imperative mood expresses order, or request to a second person. There is one form when commanding an individual and one when commanding a group.
The singular command is usually identical to the infinitive of the verb with the -an ending removed. The plural command is usually identical to the present plural form of verb. Previously in early Germanic (well represented in Gothic) the Imperative mood had three persons, and in the third person it had a tinge of optative meaning - how can you call the order or the instruction directed to the third person? This optative meaning is still preserved in some cases of Old English Imperative, even though it is directed towards the second person. But in this case its optative meaning depends on the semantics of the verb-predicate
- Be thou happy, friend of men gvh Althought there are three moods in the present tense, only the indicative, apart from the subjunctive plural, is marked by distinct endings: singular -e, -st, -eþ and plural -aþ.
The imperative verb is usually stars the sentence or clause and is not paired with a subject noun or pronoun. It is commonly seen in direct speech and instructional writing such as leechbooks. The Subjunctive mood. There is practically no controversy as to the terms the Indicative and the Imperative mood, but as far as the Subjunctive is concerned, opinions differ. Some call it Conjunctive Mood, as it always is a relative not the absolute mood. Some call it Optative because in Old English optative meanings much more frequent than it is in the present-day Subjunctive mood forms. It may be called Conditional or even Oblique but we must always bear in mind that this is a mood that renders the general meaning of unreality or supposition. The subjunctive and imperative singular have the same ending as 1st person singular indicative and also the imperative plural is identical with its indicative correspondant. Only the subjunctive plural has a different marking: -en. Subjunctive and imperative are just recognisable via meaning Some oppose the Indicative and the Imperative to the Subjunctive as the moods of fact and the mood of fancy. The action expressed by this mood form is somewhat shifted from reality, even though it might not contradict it altogether. Some mental attitude to what is being said in Subjunctive mood is usually implied -condition, desire, obligation, supposition, perplexity, doubt, uncertainty or unreality. So it is used in conditional sentences of unreal condition - the unreality of condition made it clear that a verb in the indicative would be superfluous:
-Jif du wsere her. mere min brooor dead; (if he were here, my brother wouldn't be dead)
it may be also found in the sub-clauses of purpose and concession and is common for temporal clauses: -hey ft and bletsao oe ser heswelte  (he will eat and bless you before he/supposedly will/ die) It might be used in simple sentences expressing wishes - these were much more frequent than they are now; these uses are somehow neutralised, levelled and may be found in some set phrases the origin of which may be traced only by professional linguists (please), or the very verb may have been lost and we regard many happy returns of the day as a self-sufficient phrase. Another very frequent use of the subjunctive is the employment of this form in the structures of indirect speech. A certain grain of incredulity to someone else's speech shifts the connection of the actions of the verb from . We can see the examples for Indecative and Subjunctive verbs in the following quotations of Shekspeare :
If there be truth in sight, you are my Rosalind... If thou survive my well contented day... — Subj.
If truth holds true contents... — Indie.
In the past tense, only four endings are distinct: 1st and 3rd person indicative singular are marked with -d-e, 2nd person singular with -d-st and the plural is marked with the ending -d-on.The imperative does not exist at all and also the subjunctive is reduced to the plural which is marked with -d-en.

Number distinctions were not only preserved in ME but even became
more consistent and regular; towards the end of the period, however, — in the 15th c. — they were neutralized in most positions. In the 13th and 14th c. the ending -en turned into the main, almost universal, marker of the pi forms of the verb.
The differences in the forms of Person were maintained in ME, though they became more variable. The OE endings of the 3rd p.sg--- p, -ep, -lap — merged into a single ending -(e)th. The variant ending of the 3rd p. -es was a new marker first recorded in the Northern dialects. It is believed that -s was borrowed from the
pi forms which commonly ended in -es in the North; it spread to the
sg and began to be used as a variant in the 2nd and 3rd p., but later
was restricted to the 3rd. In Chaucer's works we still find the old ending -eth. Shakespeare uses both forms, but forms in -s begin to prevail. Cf.:

He rideth out of halle. (Chaucer)
('He rides out of the hall')

My life ... sinks down to death. (Shakespeare) but also:

But beauty's waste hath in the world an end. (Shakespeare)

In Shakespeare's sonnets the number of -s-forms by far exceeds that of -ey-forms, though some short verbs, especially auxiliaries, take -th:

hath, doth. Variation of -s/-eth is found in poetry in the 17th and 18th
c: the choice between them being determined by the rhymes:

But my late spring no buds or blossom shew'th.

Perhaps my semblance might deceive the truth. (Milton)

In conclusion, I can say that verbs are one of the most essential parts of speech categories. And there are big differences between old English and Nowadays English not only verbs but also in words. It can be a bit difficult to understand Old English words. Because as I mentioned above words from their first registered until that day have been changed a lot. Because England was occupied by France, Vikings etc and the they passed on their culture, their language to them. For this reason,many words in English come from Latin, French and German tribes. The change in appearance of verbs in mainly due to the prevalence of writing, the subsequent emergence of specific laws, and differences in listening and writing

List of Literature

Bruce.M and Robinson. F.C

Hardarson.J.A

Qo’ldashev.S, Xamraev.V

Rastorgueva.T.

Ronald.I.K

И Л Ь И Ш .Б . А <История английского яыка>

Смирницкий. А. И <Древнеанглийский язык>

[]