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Principles of economics by gregory mankiw pdf
Facts101 is your complete study resource for N. Gregory Mankiw's Principles of Economics. In this book, you will learn the core content with key features such as key terms, people and places. Facts101 gives you all the information you need to prepare for your next exam. Our practice tests are specific to the textbook and we have designed tools to make the
most of your limited study time. by Mankiw, N. Gregory Now you can master the principles of economics with the help of the most popular, widely-used economics textbook by students worldwide — Mankiw s PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS, 8E. With its clear and engaging writing style, this book emphasizes only the material that will help you better
understand the world in which you live, will make you a more astute participant in the economy, and will give you a better understanding of both the potential and limits of economic policy. The latest relevant economic examples bring principles to life. Acclaimed text author N. Gregory Mankiw explains, "I have tried to put myself in the position of someone
seeing economics for the first time. My goal is to emphasize the material that students should and do find interesting about the study of the economy." Powerful student-focused digital resources are available in leading MindTap and Aplia digital learning and homework solutions that reinforce the principles presented in this edition. Table of ContentsPart I:
INTRODUCTION. 1. Ten Principles of Economics. 2. Thinking Like an Economist. 3. Interdependence and the Gains from Trade. Part II: HOW MARKETS WORK. 4. The Market Forces of Supply and Demand. 5. Elasticity and Its Application. 6. Supply, Demand, and Government Policies. Part III: MARKETS AND WELFARE. 7. Consumers, Producers, and
the Efficiency of Markets. 8. Applications: The Costs of Taxation. 9. Application: International Trade. Part IV: THE ECONOMICS OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR. 10. Externalities. 11. Public Goods and Common Resources. 12. The Design of the Tax System. Part V: FIRM BEHAVIOR AND THE ORGANIZATION OF INDUSTRY. 13. The Costs of Production. 14.
Firms in Competitive Markets. 15. Monopoly. 16. Monopolistic Competition. 17. Oligopoly. Part VI: THE ECONOMICS OF THE LABOR MARKET. 18. The Markets for the Factors of Production. 19. Earnings and Discrimination. 20. Income Inequality and Poverty. Part VII: TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 21. The Theory of Consumer Choice. 22. Frontiers in
Microeconomics. Part VIII: THE DATA OF MACROECONOMICS. 23. Measuring a Nation s Income. 24. Measuring the Cost of Living. Part IX: THE REAL ECONOMY IN THE LONG RUN. 25. Production and Growth. 26. Saving, Investment, and the Financial System. 27. Tools of Finance. 28. Unemployment and Its Natural Rate. Part X: MONEY AND
PRICES IN THE LONG RUN. 29. The Monetary System. 30. Money Growth and Inflation. Part XI: THE MACROECONOMICS OF OPEN ECONOMICS. 31. Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Basic Concepts. 32. A Macroeconomic Theory of the Open Economy. Part XII: SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS. 33. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate
Supply. 34. The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand. 35. The Short-Run Tradeoff between Inflation and Unemployment. Part XIII: FINAL THOUGHTS. 36. Six Debates over Macroeconomic Policy. "One of the reasons why we adopted the Mankiw text was because of its relevant concepts that students could really relate to. I would
say to continue with this trend, and also be sure to use examples that relate to the current economic conditions that make sense to a beginner economics student." "I have used Mankiw for several years, across at least 3 or 4 of its editions. I like the writing in the book—it's clear and exposits the ideas effectively. It covers topics that I want to cover, mostly in
the order that I like to cover them. It's at the appropriate level for our students—not too difficult but not superficial either. I also like the fact that this book is very closely integrated with the Aplia system, which I believe is an important learning tool." "Very student friendly text. Makes economics easy to understand. Some of the other texts would take a lot of
reading to explain an idea." From the Publisher Research Events March 07, 2019 Dallas Fed N. Gregory Mankiw, the Robert M. Beren Professor of Economics at Harvard University, talks about what economists don’t understand about politicians, and what politicians don’t understand about economists. Read the recap » About N. Gregory Mankiw Mankiw is
the Robert M. Beren Professor of Economics at Harvard University. He has taught macroeconomics, microeconomics, statistics and principles of economics. His research includes work on price adjustment, consumer behavior, financial markets, monetary and fiscal policy, and economic growth. His published articles have appeared in academic journals such
as the American Economic Review, Journal of Political Economy and Quarterly Journal of Economics in addition to the New York Times, Washington Post and Wall Street Journal. Mankiw has written two textbooks—Macroeconomics (Worth Publishers) and Principles of Economics (Cengage Learning). Principles of Economics has sold over 2 million copies
and has been translated into 20 languages. In addition to his teaching, research and writing, Mankiw has been a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, an adviser to the Congressional Budget Office and the Federal Reserve Banks of Boston and New York, and a member of the Educational Testing Service test development
committee for the advanced placement exam in economics. From 2003 to 2005, he served in the George W. Bush administration as chairman of the president’s Council of Economic Advisers. Mankiw studied economics at Princeton University, where he received his BA, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned his PhD. Ratings &
Reviews5MUST BUY: Teaches you Economics from basicsI generally do not write reviews, but I've made a deliberate effort and took the time out for it. I'm a Computer Science Graduate who has never touched this subject ever. So, I was looking for a book that can introduce me to the basics, and teach me the subject from ground-up in a easy to
understand, engaging and comprehensive manner. Mankiw's best seller "Principles of Economics" exactly does this through his 36 chapters in about 900 pages with lot of insights and discussions. I strongly r...READ MORENitin GargCertified BuyerOct, 20135great help for C.F.A level 1 exameconomics is not an easy subject to understand and grasp the
fundamentals at one go but i find this book extremely helpful in understanding economics and grasping the right fundamentals . this book is written by a professor of Harvard university "N.GREGORY MANKIW " and trust me he has done a brilliant job . i find this book a great help for my C.F.A level 1 exam . if ever you want to buy a economics book this is the
1st one you should go after .READ MOREanand malikCertified BuyerNov, 20125One of the bestThis is probably my first review for any book, so you can guess how valuable this book can be for you in your life. Economics is the base of anything you do to earn the money or see the various transactions happening around you. Trust me, this book is for
normal people rather than for the so called professional economists. I am a doctor myself and had zero knowledge of economics and this book have turned me into a serious economic thinker.READ MOREDr.Ravikumar VachhaniCertified Buyer, GandhinagarApr, 20145No words... Plausibly the best apprehensible book ever written...!!!Every concept of
economics is lucidly and vividly explained using clear examples giving proper insight to the concept. The language makes the reading gleeful for sure. Good book for learning economics for a person of any background (be it engineering or medicine or whatever it may be). Real time scenarios to help us understanding the concepts easily. I couldn't find any
flaw and any reason to regret to buy this book... so economics adulators.... Go for it...!!READ MORESainandan kandikattuOct, 20135One book serves all!The book Principles of Economics is a combination of both books: Principles of Macroeconomics & Principles of Microeconomics by Gregory Mankiw. It covers everything there is in economics. Written in a
very reader friendly manner, anyone who cares to read would understand most intricacies with ease.People may complain to the " Photocopy " quality of page, but the original Principles of Macroeconomics and Principles of Microeconomics by Gregory Mankiw (also available on flipkart) are of about...READ MOREAviral RawatCertified Buyer, DehradunDec,
20155Go for it ?!!!!!Truly a good book......worth reading ...... all content explained in a lucid manner.....and as always Flipkart has done a great job of delivering the book neatly packed and way before the expected time....thank you Flipkart.....READ MORE5A good learning :)- The book starts with very basics and help understand the small things and these
small yet effective points make a whole working system.- It explains the complexities with ease and the best part it has examples and case studies with every new theory.- Economics is all easy with this one and yes its interesting too!!READ MORENeetesh GuptaCertified Buyer, IndoreAug, 20145A Great Introductory Book On Economics - For Economists
And Non-Economists AlikeThe book is ideal for people with little or no knowledge of Economics, but have an interest in learning more about the subject. It is well written, and tries to make the reader feel comfortable when explaining complex topics; at the same time the book tries to incite an interest in the reader for the subject.Mankiw's attempt is also very
comprehensive, and even though he's tried hard to make it easy - many topics are complex theoretical concepts. Therefore I'd recommend the book only for pe...READ MOREVishwajeet GainCertified Buyer, KolkataMay, 20145Extremely well explained. Suitable for people who are new to economics.I have Economics as one of the courses in my integrated
undergraduate program. I found this book extremely lucid. Even the most difficult and intricate concepts are explained with absolute simplicity. A definite must buy for beginners. For those of you who are unfamiliar with the author's works, he's an economist from Harvard University and his book is one of the best selling works for undergraduates in the
USA.READ MOREAxay SatagopanCertified BuyerMar, 20145Afraid of economics??? Problem solved . . .This is a textbook of Economics intended to impart robust grasp of the basics. Every other humanities subjects can be read and understood by self-study, but i always wondered how difficult it is to manage economics without an instructor. But no
instructor is needed to read and understand this book. Above all, if you are a CS aspirant this is a complete package as far as "Economics" (mind it- not "economy") is concerned. Presentation style and explanations are better than NCERTs. One m...READ MORESandeep KumarCertified Buyer, New DelhiJan, 2014 It is always surprising what reactions a few
tweets can trigger. My now ten-part Twitter series (summarized here) on key passages from the introductory book (Mankiw 2015) and the macroeconomics book (Mankiw 2019) by N. Gregory Mankiw has met with an incredibly great response. I did not expect it at all. But considering that these textbooks have reached a worldwide circulation of about 4 million
according to Mankiw’s own data (Mankiw 2020b), there are simply a great many people who have come into contact with this book, voluntarily or involuntarily, and have had their own experiences with it. In the series, I had tweeted un- or sparsely annotated “Principles” from Mankiw’s books under the ironic title “Best of Mankiw.” For a better understanding, I
would like to explain the individual tweets and my criticism of Mankiw in more detail below. 1. “When the government tries to cut the economic pie in more equal slices, the pie gets smaller.” Source: Mankiw (2015), p. 5 As “Principle 1” of a total of ten, students are taught that a more unequal distribution of income leads to higher economic output. Mankiw
adds: “This is the one lesson concerning the distribution of income about which almost everyone agrees. (Mankiw 2015, p. 429). But there is no evidence for this. OECD data on income distribution (measured by the Gini index for net household income) show very high inequality in very poor countries such as South Africa, Chile, Mexico, Turkey or Bulgaria.
In contrast, the economically very powerful Scandinavian countries - measured by gross domestic product per capita - are characterized by very low inequality of household incomes. Source: OECD, most recent data Apart from the inaccurate description of the relationship between income distribution and economic performance, it is noteworthy that Mankiw
describes income redistribution as a process in which the incentives for “working hard” would be reduced. This implies that people with high incomes work harder than those with low incomes. 2. Government can sometimes improve market outcomes Source: Mankiw 2015, p. 12 Principle 7 is an expression of a distinct minimal-state mindset. Mankiw freely
admits that the market process in itself is not capable of providing all citizens with sufficient food, proper clothing and adequate health care. But for him, this does not necessarily imply a demand for state intervention. Rather, this depends on “one’s political philosophy.” A completely different understanding of the state can be found in the classic description of
state functions by the public finance specialist Richard A. Musgrave (1959), which in my opinion is still relevant today. He systematically distinguishes between the distribution function, the allocation function and the stabilization function of the state. In contrast to Mankiw, who speaks only of the possibility of state intervention, Musgrave (1989, p.7) states:
“The public sector, in meeting its various tasks, is an essential component of a functioning society.” 3. “How people interact” Source; Mankiw (2015), p. 9 Under Principle 5 (“Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off”), Mankiw describes how trade (and thus ultimately a market economy) affects families. He comes to the conclusion that families compete against
each other in shopping because each family wants to buy the best product at the lowest price. Apart from the fact that this is a misrepresentation of the economic principle, it is also an inaccurate description of the reality in a market economy. This is usually characterized by buyers’ markets, where sufficient products are available for all consumers and where,
moreover, prices cannot usually be negotiated. In contrast, competition among families for scarce goods was found until the late 1980s in the centrally planned economies of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union with regulated prices and sellers’ markets. These are characterized by excess demand, i.e. the quantity offered is less than the quantity demanded.
Here, demanders are in fact competing for the insufficient supply of goods compared to demand. Currently, such a seller’s market constellation can only be observed in the markets for rental housing, which are characterized by price ceilings. Moreover, in the general statement that families compete against each other, it is disturbing that a general deduction
for the mutual behavior of people is made from an economic perspective. 4. “Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment” Source: Mankiw (2015), p. 15 and own illustration Mankiw presents the relationship between inflation and unemployment as “Principle 10”. According to this principle, there is always a trade-off between
inflation and unemployment in the short run. While Mankiw admits that some economists still question this relationship, he pretends that it is accepted by most economists. This principle illustrates the fundamental problem that many textbook presentations of macroeconomics do not systematically analyze shocks. As the above illustration makes clear, there is
no “trade-off” between inflation and unemployment in the case of a demand shock. In the common AS-AD model, a negative demand shock leads to a leftward shift of the AD curve. In this case, the price level falls and output declines. If the central bank or fiscal policy takes action in response to such a shock, they can shift the AD curve back to its initial
position by pursuing expansionary policies. Thus, there is no “trade-off” between stabilizing the price level and output. In the simple model world of the AS/AD model, one can thereby approximate inflation by the change in the price level and unemployment by the output gap. The conflict of objectives generally claimed by Mankiw exists only in the situation
following a supply shock. Here, the central bank (or the Ministry of Finance) must actually ask itself whether stabilizing output or the price level should have priority. 5. A Minimum Wage Causes Unemployment Source: Mankiw 2015, p. 118 This tweet has triggered by far the most interactions and likes on Twitter. To Mankiw’s credit, he does point out in the
textbook that economists disagree on this issue. However, the only empirical evidence he offers is studies on the effect of minimum wages on the labor market for teenagers. And for minimum wage advocates, he claims without evidence that even they conceded that there were negative effects on employment. But they “believed” that these were small and
that, overall, a minimum wage improved the situation of the poor. The plethora of studies that conclude that minimum wages have no negative employment effects (Belman and Wolfson 2014) is simply suppressed by Mankiw. Analytically, the above diagrams give the impression that minimum wages have a clearly negative impact on employment. The
diagram assumes that there is full competition on both the supply and the demand side of the labor market and that the substitution effect outweighs the income effect in the case of wage changes. Only then is there a positive increase in labor supply curve. For introductory courses, however, it is not easy to convey the labor market constellation for a
monopsony or for a situation in which the income effect predominates. But before presenting only the standard representation like Mankiw, which then also gets stuck in student’s heads, one should at least attempt an alternative representation. On the Internet, for example, one can find the following representation: Source: Lumen Learning, Open Educational
Resources(2020). Monopsony and the Minimum Wage It is also not easy to plot the labor market for an at least partially negative slope of the labor supply curve, resulting in an S-shaped slope of this curve (Dessing 2002). 6. Deflation leads the economy out of recession Source: Mankiw (2019). S. 294 One of the surprising findings of the macroeconomics
textbook is the account that deflation (Mankiw speaks of a decline in the price level) leads an economy out of recession. This result can be derived in principle within the framework of the AS/AD model. It should be noted, however, that this model is derived from the IS-LM model. In the IS-LM model, it is assumed that the central bank keeps the nominal
money supply constant. If the price level falls, the real money supply (M/P) increases. Given the demand for money, this causes the nominal interest rate to fall. The falling nominal interest rate increases interest rate-dependent investment, which increases aggregate demand via the investment multiplier. From this point of view, a falling price level can in
principle lead to the movement on the AD curve from B to C. The movement on the AD curve from B to C is therefore a result of the falling price level. What Mankiw does not take into account, however, is that in the case of deflation the lower zero interest rate bound for the nominal interest rate can quickly be reached. This means that there is already a lower
limit for the decline in the nominal interest rate, which in principle stabilizes the economy. And since investment is not determined by the nominal interest rate but by the real interest rate, in the event of deflation after the zero lower bound has been reached for the nominal interest rate, the real interest rate actually rises as deflation progresses. Instead of a
stabilizing process, we are then dealing with a destabilizing process. In addition, deflation results in destabilizing impulses for debtors and the financial system if it follows a phase of strong indebtedness. Irving Fisher (1933) coined the term “debt deflation” for this. 7. Public debt reduces economic growth Source: Mankiw (2015) p. 561 and own illustration This
description of the relationship between government debt and economic growth is likely to be particularly relevant for economic policy. Mankiw deduces that government debt reduces savings and thus investment in an economy. This has a negative impact on economic growth. The basic problem here is that the context is presented in the model framework of
classical economics. This is characterized by the fact that there is only one purpose good, which is used equally as a consumption good, investment good and financial asset. Investments must therefore be “financed” by households foregoing consumption (saving). In this way, the one purpose good becomes available as a financial asset, which can then be
used unchanged by investors as an investment good (“capital”). Financing investment via bank loans and, in the case of the state, via the central bank, is basically not possible in this model. For a detailed description of the problems of the “real economy” modeling of the financial system, see Bofinger (2020). But even in the classical model framework, the
result derived by Mankiw is anything but compelling. Rather, it arises from the implicit assumption that the government uses the funds it borrows exclusively for consumption. Moreover, it is characterized by the curious assumption that additional government demand for credit does not increase aggregate demand for credit, but reduces the supply of credit
funds resulting from household saving. If we assume instead that the government borrows to finance investment, the picture changes fundamentally. The effect can then be represented by a shift in the demand for credit (and not by a shift in the supply of funds from savings). The shift in investment demand then leads to an increase in the interest rate and, in
the new equilibrium, to more saving and more investment. Thus, exactly the opposite of what Mankiw infers occurs. Government borrowing for the purpose of financing government investment then increases economic growth. 8. Banks collect deposits, then lend them out as loans Source: Bank of England (Mc Leay, Radia and Thomas 2014) Mankiw is not
alone in thinking that banks are mere intermediaries between savers and investors. It is an expression of the aforementioned real exchange economy modeling of the financial system in (neo)classical theory. It is until today the paradigm which shapes most academic work on financial system issues. Since in the real exchange economy model there is only
the aforementioned all purpose good, which becomes available to the financial market only through households’ foregone consumption, the role of banks is reduced to that of a mere conduit between savers and investors. This has nothing to do with reality. As the Bank of England’s presentation in the tweet makes clear, in a monetary (and reality-based)
model, deposits are primarily created by commercial bank lending. And if deposits are created by households bringing cash to the bank, then the cash has previously been created by central bank lending. It is astonishing that Mankiw’s books also present the process of money creation by banks with the traditional model of the money multiplier, which reflects
this principle, but without addressing the pure intermediation function of banks that he presents elsewhere. At the same time, the money multiplier model is anything but close to reality. It assumes that banks use every inflow of central bank money directly for lending. As experience with the central banks’ extensive bond purchases shows at the latest, this
mechanism is inaccurate. It assumes an imbalance in the market for bank loans, where there is excess demand for bank loans at the prevailing lending rate. The causality assumed by the money creation multiplier model, according to which a higher central bank money supply leads to more bank loans and an increase in the money supply, is also inaccurate
insofar as central banks do not control commercial bank lending via the monetary base in normal times, but via the money market interest rate. For a more detailed discussion of these relationships, see ECB (2011). 9. The perfect confusion in the small open economy Source: Mankiw (2019), p. 154 Mankiw’s model of the small open economy is a source of
great confusion. First, he correctly states that net exports (NX) are identical (“accounting identity”) with the difference between saving and investment. This does not stop him from presenting, only a few pages later, a diagram by showing NX as demand for foreign exchange and I-S as supply of foreign exchange. From this, he then derives the exchange rate.
Apart from the general confusion, this derivation is at the same time an expression of a misunderstanding of the logic of the (neo)classical model. For this model, the exchange rate is a non-existent quantity. As already mentioned several times, in this model world there is only one all-purpose good. Exchange is thus only possible inter-temporally, not intra-
temporally. The all-purpose good thus has no price in intra-temporal trade. Therefore, there are no national price levels in this world. And if there is no intra-temporal trade between two countries, but only intertemporal trade, the exchange rate is an irrelevant quantity. How can it be that in seven editions of the book, which was and is taught at countless
universities by countless professors to many more students, such simple connections could be overlooked? 10. What is the core of Keynes’ theory? Source: Mankiw (2019), p. 309 and own illustration In his macroeconomics textbook, Mankiw presents the so-called “Keynesian cross” as “the simplest interpretation of Keynes’s theory.” This maps two curves,
one called “planned spending” and the other “actual spending.” This immediately raises the question of what Keynesian theory can have in common with the relationship between an ex-ante quantity (planned) and an ex-post quantity (actual). To make a long story short: nothing. What this chart actually depicts is the aggregate goods market, i.e. the
relationship between aggregate demand, which is composed of income-dependent consumption and interest-dependent investment, and short-term aggregate supply, which is represented by the 45° degree line. The Keynesian element is this slope of the supply curve, which is assumed by the 45° degree line to be determined by aggregate demand. Since
Mankiw, like other textbook authors, fails to recognize this logic, he makes further misinterpretations when deriving the IS-LM model and the AS-AD model. He correctly states on p.319: “Each point on the IS-curve presents equilibrium in the goods market.” Since he derives the IS-curve from the “Keynesian Cross,” it should have been obvious to him already
then that this curve does not represent anything other than equilibrium in the goods market. The confusion picks up full speed when the AS/AD model is derived from the IS/LM model. The AD curve is supposed to represent aggregate demand and the AS curve aggregate supply. If one had correctly identified the “Keynesian Cross” as the goods market, one
would wonder how in the AS/AD model aggregate demand can be derived from the IS curve (= goods market equilibrium). In the 10th edition of his macro book, Mankiw presents the AS/AD model only with a long-run, vertical aggregate supply curve. He has deleted the short-term supply curve, which was still presented in earlier editions, without replacement.
This is appropriate insofar as there is no room in the model for a second short-term supply curve. However, one could have retained the AS curve and interpreted it quite simply as a Phillips curve for the price level. For a detailed discussion and critique of the AS/AD model, see Bofinger (2011). A simple alternative for doctrine, which takes into account the
fact that the central bank does not use the money supply but the (real) interest rate as an instrument and thus does not control the price level but the inflation rate, is the model developed by Bofinger, Mayer and Wollmershäuser (2002 and 2006). Summary Although I was accused of waging a “smear campaign” against Mankiw in response to my tweets, there
were otherwise hardly any critical comments (at least in my filter bubble). In fact, my main point is to criticize the partly one-sided, but partly unrealistic and thus also confused presentation of economics presented in Mankiw’s textbooks. This is especially relevant because his books are not only used in the education of economists, but in general in the study of
economics, such as business administration or business informatics. Mankiw’s books thus shape economic policy thinking far beyond the comparatively narrow circle of economists. The whole thing becomes problematic at the latest when Mankiw very actively tries to create the impression that the economic principles explained correspond to a kind of
economic consensus: “Especially when you enter into an undergraduate classroom, the goal of the professor should be to try to present an unbiased view of what the economics profession knows. I view myself as an ambassador of the economics profession, not just representing Greg Mankiw’s views, but trying to represent the views of many of my
colleagues as well as myself.” (N. Gregory Mankiw 2020a) That this is not the case should have become clear in this article. Bibliography Belman, Dale und Wolfson Paul J. (2014), What Does the Minimum Wage Do? Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth, Upjohn Press,
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Bofinger, Peter, Mayer, Eric und Wollmershäuser, Timo (2002), The BMW model:
Simple macroeconomics for closed and open economies a requiem for the IS/LM-AS/AD and the Mundell-Fleming model, W.E.P. - Würzburg Economic Papers No. 35. Bofinger, Peter, Mayer Eric und Wollmershäuser, Timo (2006), The BMW model: A new framework for teaching monetary economics, Journal of Economic Education, 37(1): 98-117. Bofinger,
Peter (2011), Teaching macroeconomics after the crisis, W.E.P. - Würzburg Economic Papers No. 86. Bofinger, Peter (2020), Reviving Keynesianism: the modelling of the financial system makes the difference, Review of Keynesian Economics 8(1):61-83. Dessing, Maryke (2002), Labor supply, the family and poverty: the S-shaped labor supply curve,
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 49(4), Pages 433-458. ECB (2011), Monthly Bulletin, October 2011. Fisher, Irving (1933), The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions. Econometrica, 1, 337-57. Lumen Learning (2020), Monopsony and the Minimum Wage, Open Educational Resources . Mankiw, N Gregory, Principles of Economics
(2015), 7th edition, Cengage Learning, Stanford, CT. Mankiw, N. Gregory (2019), Macroeconomics, 10th edition, Macmillan, New York, NY. Mankiw, N Gregory (2020a), An ambassador of the economics profession, Gregory Mankiw reflects on three decades as a textbook author. Interview with Chris Fleisher and Tyler Smith, April 29, 2020. . Mankiw, N
Gregory (2020b), Reflections of a Textbook Author. Journal of Economic Literature, 58 (1): 215-28. McLeay, Michael, Radia, Amar und Thomas, Ryland (2014), Money creation in the modern economy, Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, 2014 Q1, p.14-27. Musgrave, Richard A. (1959), The Theory of Public Finance: A Study in Public Economy. MacGraw-
Hill, New York. Musgrave, Richard A. (1989), The Three Branches Revisited. Atlantic Economic Journal. Vol. 17 (1989), 1-7.
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