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with other nations, which become binding on the United States when
approved by two-thirds vote of the Senate.
Although not constitutionally provided, presidents also sometimes
employ "executive agreements" in foreign relations. These agreements
frequently regard administrative policy choices germane to executive
power; for example, the extent to which either country presents an
armed presence in a given area, how each country will enforce copyright
treaties, or how each country will process foreign mail. However, the
20th century witnessed a vast expansion of the use of executive
agreements, and critics have challenged the extent of that use as
supplanting the treaty process and removing constitutionally prescribed
checks and balances over the executive in foreign relations. Supporters
counter that the agreements offer a pragmatic solution when the need for
swift, secret, and/or concerted action arises.
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