Present Simple Hozirgi oddiy zamon quyidagi holatlarda ishlatiladi

For.ex: manservant-menservants

womandoctor-womendoctors

Faqat birlikda ishlatiladigan otlar.

1. Uncountable nouns. Sanalmaydigan otlar doimo birlikda ishlatiladi. va ularga quyidagilar kiradi.

A. Modda otlari (suyuqlik, gaz va qattiq moddalar)

blood

coffee

juice

milk

oil

tea

water

bread

butter

china

coal

food

ice

iron

meat

soap

air

oxygen

smoke

steam

corn

dust

flour

pepper

rice

salt

sand

sugar

B.Fan nomlari.

Mathematics

physics

literature

economics

politics

athletics

gymnastics

C. Tillar.

Japanese

English....

D.Sport turlari va boshqa faoliyatlar:

baseball

billiards

football

Running

gardening

chess.....

E.Kasaliklar.

measles

mumps

flu...

F.Masofa, vaqt va pulni ifodalovchi son bilan birlikdagi fe’l ishlatiladi.

For.ex: Twenty thousand pounds was stolen in the robbery.

Three years is a long time to be without a job.

Six miles is a long way to walk every day.

G.Til nomlari:

For.ex: Japanese/French/English/Turkish.....

I. Quyidagi otlar sanalmaydi.

1.Accommodation-turar-joy

2.advice-maslahat

3.baggage-yuk

4.behaviour-xulq atvor

5.bread-non

6.chaos-tartibsizlik

7.damage-ziyon, zarar

8.furniture-mebel, jihoz

9.information-ma’umot

10.luck-omad

11.luggage-yuk

12.news-yangilik

13.permission-ruhsat

14.progress-taraqqiyot,yuksalish

15.scenery-manzara

16.traffic-tirbandlik

17.weather-ob-havo

18.work-ish

20.anger-g’azab, jahl

21.assistance-yordam

22.business-

23.homework-uy vazifa

24.knowledge-bilim

25.music-musiqa

26.evidence-isbot

27.travel-sayohat

28.equipment-jihoz

29.air-havo

30.applause-qarsak

31.peace-tinchlik

32.countryside-qishloq joyi

33.crockery-chinni

34.cutlery-qoshiq vilka

35.money-pul

36.education-ta’lim

19.housework-uy ishlari

J.Shaklan ko’plikda lekin ma’nosi birlikda bo’lgan otlar.

For.ex: Billiards-billiard

Barracks-kazarma

news-yangilik.....

draughts/checkers-shashka

K. Time so’zi quyidagicha ishlatiladi.

a) vaqt ma’nosida sanalmaydigan ot hisoblanadi.

For.ex: I have much time to play football today.

b) marta ma’nosida sanaladigan ot hisoblanadi.

For.ex: He has been to paris a few times.

NOTE: 1.Sanalmaydigan otlarni qism, bo’lak so’zlari bilan qo’llash mumkin, bu holatda ular sanalishi mumkin.

1.a piece of advice/cake/information/furniture/music

2. a glass/bottle of water/lemonade/iced tea

3. a jar of jam

4. a sheet of paper

5. a bar of soap/chocolate

6. a slice/loaf of bread

7. a tube of toothpaste

8. a(n) item/piece of news

9. a cartoon of milk/juice

10. a can of cola

11. a bag of flour

12. a lump of sugar

13. a tin of salmon

14.a pot of yoghurt

15.a drop/bottle of oil

16. a pot/cup of tea

17. a game of football

18.a block of wood/concrete

19. a bit/piece of chalk

20.a box of chocolate

21. a breath of fresh air

22. a drop of water

23.a speck of dirt/dust

24.a spot of ink

25. a rasher of bacon

26. a packet of rice

27. a bowl of soup

28.a flash/bolt of lightning

29. a clap/peal of thunder

30. an ice cube

31. a roll of toilet paper

2. Ba’zi otlar ma’noda farq bilan sanalishi yoki sanalmasligi mumkin.


Faqat ko’plikda ishlatiladigan otlar.

1. Juft otlar:

1. scissors-qaychi

2.spectacles(glasses)-ko’zoynak(quyoshniki,zrenya)

3.trousers-shim

4.jeans-jinsi

5.shorts-sho’rtik

6.pyjama-pijama

7.tights-kolgotki

8. scales-tarozi

9.tongs-ombur

10. pliers-qisqich

11. socks-paypoq

12.gloves-qo’lqop

13.binoculars-durbin, binokl

14. compasses-sirkul

15. pants

Bular a pair of birikmasi bilan kelishi mumkin.

2. People odamlar ma’nosida (faqat ko’plikda) xalq (ham ko’plikda, ham birlikda)

For.ex: There were a lot of people at the party yesterday.

Russian people is so kind

Peoples in America are very rich

3. Quyidagi so’zlar:

goods-tovarlar

slums-xarobalar

contents-mundarija

clothes-kiyim-kechak

proceeds-savdo tushumi

stairs-zinapoya

arms-qurol-yarog’lar

earnings-daromad,tushum

(good)looks

ashes-kul

outskirts-shahar cheti

premises-inshooat, bino, mulk

surroundings-atrof-muhit

For.ex: Designer clothes are expensive

4. group nouns:

Army-armiya

audience-auditoriya,tomoshabin

class-sinf

club-klub

commitee-qo’mita

council-kengash

crew-ekipaj, komanda

crowd-omma, olomon, ko’pchilik

headquarters-markaz, bosh boshqarma, shtab qarorgohi

family-oila

jury-hakamlar hay’ati

government-hukumat

press-matbuot, matbuot xodimlari

staff-ishci xodim, shtat

team-jamoa

poultry-parranda

firm-firma

cattle-chorva

Bu otlar ko’p holatda o’zidan keyin ko’plikdagi fe’lni talab qiladi. Lekin birlikdagi fe’l ham kelishi mumkin. Agar bular bir guruh sifatida umumiy aytilsa, birlikdagi fe’l – alohida har bir a’zo tushunilsa, ko’plikdagi fe’l ishlatiladi.

For. ex: The team(=the team as group) was the best in the country. The team( =each member seperately as

individuals) were all given medals

The government want to increase taxes.

The staff at school are not happy with their new working conditions.

NOTE: 1. Police har doim ko’plikdagi fe’lni talab qiladi;

For. ex: The police are investigating the murder.

2. Sport komanda nomlari ko’plikda ishlatiladi;

For. ex: Italy are playing Brazil next week.

3. Sanaladigan otlarni ham guruhlash mumkin.

a flock of birds/sheep/goats-galasi

a herd of cows/elephants/deer/cattle/goats-podasi

a pack of cards/dogs-to’dasi/to’plami

a bunch of flowers/grapes/keys-shodasi/shingl

a set of encyclopaedias/keys-to’plam

a pod of dolphins/whales-to’dasi

a class of pupils

a band of musicians

a brood of chickens

a school of fish/dolphins

a team of players

a collection of books

a deck of cards-to’plami

a fleet of ships-kemalar qo’shini

a pack of wolves/hounds-to’dasi

a pride of lians-to’dasi

a swarm of bees, ants-to’dasi

a troupe of dancers/actors

a colony of ants

a litter of kittens

a gang of robbers

a gaggle of gees

Definite Article(aniq artikl)

Aniq artikl “ this, that” ko’rsatish olmoshidan kelib chiqqan bo’lib , istalgan ot oldidan kela oladi. Sanaladigan otlar birlik va ko’pligi va sanab bo’lmaydigan otlar bilan ishlatiladi. Ayrim hollarda ‘shu, o’sha” degan tarjimani beradi. Aniq artikl quyidagi hollarda ishlatiladi.

1. Biron bir otni birinchi marta tilga olsak, noaniq artikl ishlatiladi, shu otni ikkinchi marta tilga olsak aniq artikl ishlatiladi.

For. ex: I bought a shirt and a dress. The shirt is green and the dress is blue.

2. Biron bir otni gapda o’sha turdagi otdan farqlovchisi bo’lsa, ya’ni gapda nisbiy olmosh qatnashsa, aniq artikl ishlatiladi.

For. ex: A man is asking to speak to you. (noma’lum)

The man who is at the door is asking to speak to you.( nisbiy olmosh:ma’lum)

The water in this river is very cold (ma’lum)

3. Aniq artikl orttirma darajadagi sifat va tartib son oldidan ishlatiladi.

For. ex: He is the most respected man in the firm.

He is the first person to arrive.

NOTE: Most (ko’p, ko’pchilik) olmosh bo’lib kelganda the artikl ishlatilmaydi

For. ex: Most children like cartoons.

4. Biron bir shaxs o’zi yashayotgan uydagi narsalarni tilga olsa, aniq artikldan foydalaniladi: the door, the ceiling, carpet, the floor, the fridge, the light….

For. ex: Can you turn the light, please?

Shuningdek,:

1. the fire-brigade

2. the army

3. the bank

4. the police

5. the doctor(’s)

6. the dentist(’s)

7. the post office

5. Familiya ko’plikda kelsa “the “ dan foydalanamiz, va u butun oila a’zolarini tazarda tutadi.

For. ex: The smiths are coming to see me tonight.

6. Bir xil familiyaga ega bo’lgan 2 ta adash insonlar ni bir-biridan farqlash uchun aniq artikl ishlatamiz.

For. ex: The George Brown who teaches here isn’t the George Brown whom you know.

7. Tarixdagi mashhur bo’lgan shaxslar nomidan keyin the great buyuk sozini ishlatamiz.

For. ex: Alexander the Great conquered Persia, Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Bactria, and the Punjab;

Amir Temur the Great- Buyuk Amir Temur

8. Insonning holatini, kasbini, tashqi qiyofasini ifodalovchi so’zlar shaxs nomi oldidan kelsa, aniq artikl ishlatiladi.

For. ex: Tim is a composer. The composer Tim.

Tom is a boy. The boy Tom.

Tom is a smart boy. The smart boy.

Tom is a teacher. The teacher Tom.

9. Sanoq son artikl olmaydi., lekin “o’sha , bu …” ma’nosida kelsa, aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi.

For. ex: The three man came up to me last night.

10. During predlog’I bilan bog’lanib kelgan ot oldida ko’pincha aniq artikl ishlatiladi.

For. ex: I woke up several times during the night.

11. Aniq artikl shuningdek, tarixiy voqealar, urush nomlari, davrlar, diniy kitoblar, va yil ko’plikda kelganda ishlatiladi.

For. ex: