Практическая грамматика

§ 10. Conjunctive pronouns.

1. Conjunctive pronouns (who, what, whose, which) not only point back to some person or thing mentioned before but also have conjunctive power, introducing subordinate clauses (subject clauses, object clauses, predicative clauses).
What June had taken for personal interest was only the imper­sonal excitement of every Forsyte... (Galsworthy) (subject clause)
What you want, in fact, is a first-rate man for a fourth-rate fee, and that's exactly what you've got! (Galsworthy) (predicative clause)
I don't want to hear what you've come for. (Galsworthy) (object clause)
2. In the clause they introduce they perform different functions, those of subject, predicative, attribute and object.
What had made her yield he could never make out; and from Mrs. Heron, a woman of some diplomatic talent, he learnt nothing. (Galsworthy) (subject)
Erik realized with a sinking sensation that Haviland didn't know who he was. (Wilson) (predicative)
I've spent a lot of time in the chart-room now, and I'm on the edge of knowing my way about, what charts I want to refer to, what coasts I want to explore. (London) (attribute)
What Savina could no longer do for him, he did himself, and brutally brushed aside all other interests except her. (Wilson) (object)


§ 11. Defining pronouns.
The defining pronouns are: all, each, every, everybody, every­one, everything, either, both, other, another.
1. All is a generalizing pronoun; it takes a group of things or persons as a whole. All may be used as subject, predicative, object, and attribute.
... when all is said and done... (London) (subject)
He just loved me, that is all. (London) (predicative)
And Martin forgot all about it. (London) (object)
... if all the doors are closed... (London) (attribute)
2. Both points out two persons, things or notions mentioned before.
“But there is more to be said,” he continued, after a pause painful to both. (London)
You can study French, or you can study German, or cut them both out and study Esperanto... (London)
The pronoun both may be used as subject, object and attribute.
Both seemed to implore something to shelter them from reality. (Hardy) (subject)
The light, admitted by windows at both ends, was unfortunately not Chinese. (Galsworthy) (attribute)
When preceded by a preposition both may be used as a pre­positional indirect object.
He invariably paid the way for both, and it was through him that Martin learned the refinement of food. (London)