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Imam Abu Hanifa

Fatwas
 of the Companions
 
 
We have mentioned that Abu Hanifa said that he acted by the decisions of the Companions in the absence 
of a text from the Book or 
Sunna
. If there were differing opinions among the Companions, he chose from 
among their views, taking the position of whomever of them he wished, and he did not abandon their position 
for anyone else. When it came to the generation of the 
Tabi‘un
, like Ibrahim an-Nakha‘i, Ibn Sirin, Sa‘id ibn 
al-Musayyab and others, he exercised 
ijtihad
as they had done. He did not follow the opinion of a 
Tabi‘i
or 
imitate him as he did in the case of the Companions. 
Abu Hanifa used to differ from the Companions on matters in which there was scope for opinion. On 
matters in which there was no scope for opinion and where there was firm transmission, he followed them. 
That is why he took the period of menstruation to be a minimum of three and a maximum of ten days based on 
the position of Anas and ‘Uthman ibn Abi’l-‘As. He considered things such as this to be a matter of oral 
transmission not 
ijtihad

In brief, Abu Hanifa put the position of the Companions before analogy and this can be seen in many of his 
rulings. Some later Hanafis did the reverse, preferring opinion to the statement of a Companion. Abu Hanifa 
did not consider that it was mandatory to follow the 
fatwas
of the 
Tabi‘un

Consensus
 
 
The definition on which most scholars who accept consensus as a principle of Muslim 
fiqh
agree is that it 
denotes the agreement of the 
mujtahids
of the Muslim Community on any matter at the time of ruling. This is 
the soundest definition and it is that which the majority of scholars prefer. It is the one which ash-Shafi‘i 
mentions in his 
Risala
and he was the first to define its meaning and explain how it is used as evidence and to 
give it its weight in Islamic 
fiqh

Did Abu Hanifa also consider consensus as one of the principles of his 
fiqh
on which he based his 
ijtihad

Scholars of the Hanafi school state that it is one of his principles. They state that Abu Hanifa and his 
companions used to accept tacit consensus and thought that opposition to such consensus was only valid if 
scholars had two different opinions on a matter.
We find two instances in the sources where this principle is mentioned. One is in 
The Virtues
of al-Makki 
when he says: “Abu Hanifa was tenacious in following what the people in his land agreed upon.” (pt. 1, p. 98) 
The second is what Sahl ibn Muzaham said: “Abu Hanifa took what was reliable and fled from the unseemly. 
He examined people’s behaviour and what they based themselves on and what was in their best interests.” (pt. 
1, p.82) 
These two transmissions from his contemporaries clarify that among his principles was that he followed 
what the 
fuqaha’
of his land agreed on. In matters about which there was no text, he proceeded in accordance 


with the behaviour of the people. This makes it clear, without a doubt, that he accepted the consensus of the 
mujtahids
in general and was strong in following that. It appears that the consensus which counts as evidence 
with the 
fuqaha’
has three pillars: 
• The Companions sometimes exercised 
ijtihad
regarding questions which were presented to them. In 
many cases which arose where public well-being was concerned, ‘Umar would consult them and opinions 
would be exchanged. When they agreed, that would be his policy. If they differed, they argued until they 
reached something on which they agreed.
• In the era of 
ijtihad
, every Imam used to strive not to have divergent positions contrary to those of the 
other 
fuqaha’
of his land so that he would not be considered aberrant in his thinking. Abu Hanifa was firm 
in following that on which there was consensus between the earlier 
fuqaha’
of Kufa. Malik, likewise, put 
the consensus of the people of Madina before single traditions. 
• There are also traditions which confirm the evidentiary nature of consensus like the words of the 
Prophet, “My Community will never agree on misguidance,” and “What the Muslims see as good is good 
in the sight of Allah.” 

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