Faith (
Iman
)
There are different transmissions about what Abu Hanifa says about faith. The one we can be most sure
about is: “Faith is affirmation and confirmation.” He said that Islam is submission and obedience to Allah’s
command. Linguistically, there is a difference between faith and Islam, but there is no faith without Islam and
no Islam without faith. They are like the outward is to the inward. The
deen
is the name given to faith, Islam
and the laws of the
Shari‘a.
(
al-Fiqh al-Akbar
, p. 11)
So we see that Abu Hanifa did not consider faith to be pure affirmation by the heart alone. He thought that
its reality was confirmation by the heart and affirmation by the tongue. He made his views on that clear in a
debate between himself and Jahm ibn Safwan.
Al-Makki states in
The Virtues
:
“Jahm ibn Safwan went to Abu Hanifa to debate with him about
kalam
. When he met him, he said,
‘Abu Hanifa, I have come to discuss with you some questions which I have prepared.’ Abu Hanifa said,
‘Speaking with you is shame and delving into what you are in is a blazing fire.’ He asked, ‘How can
you judge me as you do when you have not heard what I say nor learned it from me?’ Abu Hanifa
replied, ‘Words have been transmitted to me from you which the people of prayer do not utter.’ He said,
‘Then you judge me in absentia!’ He replied, ‘You are well-known for that. It is known among both the
common and elite and so I am permitted to assert that about you.’ He said, ‘Abu Hanifa, I will not ask
you about anything except faith.’ He asked him, ‘Do you not recognise faith until the Final Hour so that
you have to ask me about it?’ ‘Yes,’ he replied, ‘but I am uncertain about it in one area.’ Abu Hanifa
retorted, ‘Doubt in faith is disbelief.’ He said, ‘It is only lawful for you to clarify how you attach
disbelief to me.’
“He said, ‘Ask.’ Jahm said, ‘Tell me about someone who recognises Allah in his heart and knows
that He is One with no partner or like and acknowledges Allah with His attributes and that there is
nothing like Him and then dies before articulating it on his tongue: does he die a believer or
unbeliever?’ He replied, ‘An unbeliever and one of the people of the Fire unless he articulates it with
his tongue along with what he knows in his heart.’ Jahm asked, ‘How can he not be a believer when he
acknowledges Allah with His attributes?’ Abu Hanifa said, ‘If you believe in the Qur’an and accept it
as evidence, I will speak to you using it. If you believe in it and but do not accept it as evidence, I will
speak to you as one speaks to someone who opposes the religion of Islam.’ He replied, ‘As someone
who believes in the Qur’an and accepts it as evidence.’ Abu Hanifa said, ‘In His Book, Allah Almighty
makes belief involve two limbs: the heart and the tongue.
“The Almighty says:
‘When they listen to what has been sent down to the Messenger, you see their
eyes overflowing with tears because of what they recognise of the truth. They say, “Our Lord, we
believe! So write us down with the witnesses. How could we not believe in Allah, and the truth that has
come to us, when we long for our Lord to include us among the people of righteousness?” Allah will
reward them for what they say with Gardens with rivers flowing under them, remaining in them
timelessly, forever. That is the recompense of all good-doers.’
(5:83-85) So He connected the Garden to
both recognition and word and made the believer someone with two limbs: the heart and tongue.
“Allah also says:
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