PowerPoint Presentation memory



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MEMORY

MEMORY - KEY POINTS

  • What is memory?
  • What are the two common memory models?
  • Why do we forget?
  • What are some noted problems with memory?
  • How can we improve our memory?

Definition of Memory

  • An internal record or representation of some prior event or experience
  • A set of mental processes that receives, encodes, stores, organizes, alters and retrieves information over time

Two Common Memory Models

  • Traditional three-stage memory model
  • Encoding, storage and retrieval approach

Traditional Three-Stage Model

  • Model focuses on storing information for different lengths of time
  • Three stages are sensory, short-term memory and long-term memory

Sensory Memory

  • Purpose: to retain exact image of sensory information long enough to focus on important info and transfer it to next stage
  • All senses have a sensory memory
  • Duration depends on the sense involved
  • Capacity is relatively large

Short-Term Memory

  • Purpose - temporarily stores info until it is sent to LTM
  • Duration - relatively limited
  • Capacity: 5 to 9 items
  • Duration and capacity can be increased with maintenance rehearsal and/or chunking
  • Also known as “working memory”

Long Term Memory

  • Purpose is to keep info stored for long periods of time
  • Unlimited capacity and duration

Memory Process Model

  • Encoding, Storage, Retrieval Model
  • How is info changed as it moves through these operations?
  • Process can be compared to a computer

Encoding

  • Process of translating info into neural codes that will be retained in memory

Storage

  • The process of retaining neural coded info over time

Retrieval

  • The process of recovering info from memory storage

Encoding and the 3 Stage Model

  • Organization
    • STM and chunking
    • LTM and hierarchies
  • Rehearsal
    • STM and shallow processing
    • LTM and elaborative processing

Storage and the 3 Stage Model

  • Varieties of LTM
    • Explicit/Declarative
    • Implicit/nondeclarative

Explicit/Declarative Memory

  • Memories with conscious recall
    • Semantic (general knowledge)
    • Episodic (personal experiences)

Implicit/Nondeclarative/ Procedural Memory

  • Memory without awareness
  • Procedures involved in habits

Retrieval and the 3 Stage Model

  • Retrieval Cues - trigger the retrieval process
    • Recognition
    • Recall
  • Encoding Specificity Principle
    • Context
    • Mood congruence
    • State dependent retrieval

Factors that Contribute to Forgetting

  • Serial Position Effect
    • Primacy
    • Recency
  • Spacing of practice
    • Massed practice
    • Distributed practice

Theories of Forgetting

  • Decay Theory
  • Interference Theory
    • Proactive interference
    • Retroactive interference
  • Encoding Failure
  • Retrieval Failure Theory

Key Memory Problems

  • Organic Causes
    • Injury
    • Disease
  • Constructive Processes
    • Eyewitness Testimony
    • Repressed Memories

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