The Lancet
,
doi.org/gn7jdx). “We can’t say
for certain that these deaths
were due to antimicrobial
resistance, but some may
have been,” says Naghavi.
If both groups are included, it
would have made AMR the third
leading cause of death globally
in 2019 behind ischaemic heart
attacks and strokes. Even the
more conservative estimate would
mean that AMR killed more people
that year than AIDS, which was
responsible for 680,000 deaths,
and malaria, which killed
627,000 people.
“The stark reality of these figures
points to the critical and urgent
need to increase resources for the
basics of infection control. In many
places, this means water, sanitation,
hygiene,” says Clare Chandler at
the London School of Hygiene &
Tropical Medicine.
❚
Antibiotic resistance killed more than AIDS in 2019
“ The deaths point to the
urgent need to increase
resources for the basics
of infection control”
Jason Arunn Murugesu
THERAPIES that use bacteria-
killing viruses known as phages
to treat antibiotic-resistant
infections are starting to take off
in Belgium, thanks to a regulatory
system that makes it easier for
doctors to prescribe them.
“Phage therapy is indeed
getting more common, at least in
Belgium,” says Jean-Paul Pirnay at
the Queen Astrid Military Hospital
in Brussels. “We have coordinated
phage treatments in just over
100 patients.” Pirnay says his team
plans to analyse all these cases
and publish the results soon.
“I would say there is a clinical
improvement in about 70 per cent
of cases,” he says. “Mind you, most
of these patients were desperate
after antibiotics failed.”
Pirnay and his colleagues have
already described one early case in
detail. In March 2016, a 30-year-old
woman suffered severe injuries to
her leg in a suicide bombing at
Brussels airport. Despite being
given antibiotics when admitted
to the Erasme Hospital in Belgium,
the wounds became infected,
preventing them from healing.
After several months, antibiotic
treatment had caused side effects,
but failed to clear the infection.
The main culprit was a strain
of a bacterium called
Klebsiella
pneumoniae
that is resistant
to almost all drugs.
One of the doctors, Anaïs
Eskenazi, decided to try phage
therapy. A sample of the bacterium
was sent to the Eliava Institute
in Tbilisi, Georgia, to find a phage
that could kill it. The institute has
been using phage therapy to treat
infections since the 1920s.
After finding such a phage,
the institute evolved the virus to
make it even better at killing the
bacterium. The therapy was ready
to go ahead by November 2016,
but was put on hold because some
doctors were concerned about
safety and efficacy.
“At the time, there was very
little scientific literature about the
use of phage except in countries
where phage therapy has been
used for a long time, like Georgia
and Poland,” says Eskenazi, now
at the Cayenne Hospital Center
in French Guiana.
By February 2018, the woman
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