Phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet

Allophones of vowels
Listed here are some of the significant cases of 
allophony
of vowels found within standard
English dialects.
Vowels are shortened when followed in a syllable by a voiceless (
fortis
) consonant.
[59]
This
is known as 
pre-fortis clipping
. Thus in the following word pairs the first item has a
shortened vowel while the second has a normal length vowel: 'right' /raɪt/ – 'ride' /raɪd/;
'face' /feɪs/ – 'phase' /feɪz/; 'advice' /ədvaɪs/ – 'advise' /ədvaɪz/.

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In many accents of English, 
tense
vowels undergo 
breaking
before /l/, resulting in
pronunciations like [pʰiəɫ] for peel, [pʰuəɫ] for pool, [pʰeəɫ] for pail, and [pʰoəɫ] for pole.
In RP, the vowel /əʊ/ may be pronounced more back, as [ɒʊ], before syllable-final /l/, as in
goal. In Australian English the vowel /əʉ/ is similarly backed to [ɔʊ] before /l/. A similar
phenomenon may occur in 
Southern American English
.
The vowel /ə/ is often pronounced [ɐ] in open syllables.
[60]
The 
PRICE
and 
MOUTH
diphthongs may be pronounced with a less open starting point when
followed by a 
voiceless
 consonant;
[61]
this is chiefly a feature of Canadian speech
(
Canadian raising
), but is also found in parts of the United States.
[62]
Thus writer may be
distinguished from rider even when 
flapping
causes the /t/ and /d/ to be pronounced
identically.