The two senses for the verbal stem
bring,
as it occurs in the prepositional dative and
ditransitive frames, are represented in (6).
(6) Example Lexical rule:
bring-1 (sem: X causes Y to go to Z )
→
bring-2 (sem: X causes Z to
have Y)
The constructional solution to argument structure shares with the lexicosemantic
accounts an emphasis on the meaning distinctions associated with different argument
structure patterns. As we will see, however, the constructional account has both theo-
retical and empirical advantages over lexical accounts that stipulate the existence of
different verb senses.
Instead of positing different verb senses without independent evidence for them,
the constructional approach assigns meaning directly to various abstract argument
structure types, thereby recognizing the argument structure patterns as linguistic
units in their own right (Goldberg 1995; Michaelis and Lambrecht 1996; Rappaport-
Hovav and Levin 1996). Examples of English argument structure constructions with
their forms and proposed meanings are shown in table 1.1.
On the constructional view, argument structure patterns contribute directly to the
overall meaning of a sentence, and a division of labor can be posited between the
meaning of the construction and the meaning of the verb in a sentence. Although the
constructional meaning may be redundant—perhaps prototypically—with that of the
main verb, the verb and construction may contribute distinct aspects of meaning to
the overall interpretation. For example, the ditransitive construction has been argued
to be associated with the meaning of transfer or “giving” (Goldberg 1995; Green
1974; Pinker 1989). When this construction is used with
give
, as in
Kim gave Pat a
book
, the contribution of the construction is wholly redundant with the meaning of
the verb. The same is true when the construction is used with
send
,
mail
, and
hand
.
As is clear from these latter verbs, lexical items typically have a richer core meaning
than the meanings of abstract constructions.
In many cases, however, the meaning of the construction contributes an aspect of
meaning to the overall interpretation that is not evident in the verb in isolation. For
example, the verb
kick
need not entail or imply transfer (cf.
Kim kicked the wall
). Yet
when
kick
appears in the ditransitive construction, the notion of transfer
is
entailed.
The ditransitive construction itself appears to contribute this aspect of meaning to the
6
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