Begin Reason c
⫽
((laughs)) I don’t know
⫽
Rejection of Reason b
NS:
⫽
I I know it’ll be alright
⫽
Reason c
NNS:
⫽
my first time to meet you (.) I don’t
know you
Response to Reason c
NS: y’know actually this is the first time I’ve
met you too how do
⫽
NNS:
[
wait wait
NS:
⫽
you do nice to meet you
Reason for alternative
NNS:
[
I think uh I think uh he come back
not so late uh huh yeh uh
Alternative 1
Please wait in your car
Reaction to alt
NS: ((gasps))
(rejects alt 1)
(Gass and Houck 1999, 73–74)
This example is excerpted from a much longer role play in which five separate
reasons are given (and repeated) for why the cousin cannot wait inside the house. The
example represents approximately 20 percent of the role play. In this example, the
learner uses three reasons to deflect the reiterations of the original requests by the
cousin to enter the house. The learner follows this reiteration with an alternative
(
please wait in your car
), which also is unsuccessful. The role play extends for many
turns, through five full request episodes. Finally the situation is resolved when the
NS cousin leaves.
Gass and Houck (1999) observe that, as in advising session refusals
(Bardovi-Harlig and Hartford 1990), learners in the role plays adjust the semantic
formulas (or strategies) and the content as the interaction unfolds.
5
The presence of
such adjustments within individual interactions strongly suggests that learners may
be making the same adjustments across interactions, leading to learning of the L2
pragmatics—reflected by an increase of semantic formulas and content with the
range of options used by native speakers. This view of interaction leads Gass and
Houck to regard learners as active participants in the acquisition process: “Thus, we
have evidence of a learner who is not simply transferring formulas from the first lan-
guage, but who is actively searching for successful linguistic and attitudinal re-
sources, and in so doing reveals a wide range of such resources applied in a reason-
able problem-solving approach” (Gass and Houck 1999, 80).
Acquisition of Disagreement Turn Structure
Like refusals, disagreements are speech acts that are
always negotiated. Part of acquiring the speech act is acquiring the turn structure. In
English, disagreements often include an agreement component (Pomerantz 1984).
Disagreement components tend to be postponed in favor of agreement components
within a single turn and if possible even postponed across turns. Learners of English
76
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