Pernilla Hallonsten Halling

qha-d`EP

aDvz-be.as.it.should

‘Listen well/carefully!’
na
listen
t¯a
part
m¯E
pers

The languages for which lexicalization tendencies in adv are attested are summarized in table 8.10, where the semantic types found for the tendencies are also indicated. These languages are not numerous, which of course could be due to these patterns being rare. Another possible reason is that they are difficult to find, both in language descriptions and more generally. Be that as it may, the point here is the semantic types with which the tendencies pattern. More specifically, the languages with lexicalization tendencies

for speed do not have simple speed adverbs (see table 8.1 in section 8.2). Similarly,

the languages with lexicalization tendencies for value

⁹ (8.27a) is repeated from (7.14) in section 7.3.1.

and
noise
do not have simple

4. 
   Incorporation and affixation
   

value and noise adverbs (see tables 8.2 and 8.3 in section 8.2). Still, their lexicalization tendencies illustrate that these semantic types are central for adv.

Table 8.10. Languages with lexicalization tendencies in adv

Languages
Basque (isolate) Georgian (Kartvelian) Kiowa (Kiowa-Tanoan) Lahu (Sino-Tibetan)
Yimas (Lower Sepik-Ramu)
speed









value

noise

care

5. Incorporation and affixation

In the previous sections of this chapter, we have seen that certain semantic types (primar- ily speed) tend to be found in simple adverb classes, and that the same semantic types are found among general modifiers, adverbial subgroups of adjectives, and in lexicalization tendencies in adv. Adverbial incorporation was also touched upon in the case of Yimas. As illustrated in 5.3.5, some languages have affixes in adv, or potentially incorporated el- ements, and not independent lexemes or constructions. Whether treated as incorporated items or affixes (cf. Dahl 2004: 209ff.), semantic types are attested for such elements used in adv in a number of sample languages. It seems that the lexical items used in adv in these languages are undergoing grammaticalization, or have been grammaticalized, in becoming affixes. One example from Abau, where a speed prefix is attested, is provided in (8.29).

(8.29) Abau (Sepik) (Lock 2011: 72)

yeyk
canoe
ho-kwe
gl.m-top
ha-kwe
1sg-top
enekwei
time
kamon-aw
one.clf-rstr