Pernilla Hallonsten Halling

Languages with other strategies in adv

Apart from the simple adverbs described in the previous section, various encoding strate- gies are attested in the languages of the sample. We may recall Loeb-Diehl’s (2005: 36) finding that adverb-deriving markers in different languages tend to have very different origins (see section 2.4). Moreover, the adverbial markers attested in the present lan- guage sample are often multifunctional, making it difficult to determine whether they are really derivational. Adverbs and adverbials formed with case markers or prepositions are sometimes also difficult to distinguish from derived adverbs, and may even be under- going lexicalization processes. In the following sections, I will describe the main types of encoding found in adv, apart from simple adverbs: derived adverbs (section 5.3.1),

adverbs formed with case markers (section 5.3.2), adverbials formed through reduplica- tion (section 5.3.3), adverbs that are ideophones (section 5.3.4), and adverbial affixation (section 5.3.5). Finally, other encoding patterns that do not fit into any specific type are described (section 5.3.6). Note again (as described in the introduction to chapter 2) that the use of the term adverb refers to single-word adverbs (simple or derived), whereas adverbial refers to multi-word expressions or constructions. As hinted at already, the different types of encoding presented here are not always clearly distinguishable, and may in certain instances overlap with each other. This also holds for the difference between adverbs and adverbials. But the aim is not to obtain a clearcut division of these encoding patterns, which are not the main interest of the present study. Rather, a rough division will suffice for a general picture of encoding patterns in adv other than simple adverbs. Importantly, while it might be most interesting to examine languages that do not have simple adverbs in adv in order to see what strategies can be used instead, the encoding patterns described below are independent of whether the languages have simple adverbs or not.

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