The Novel and the Nation
47
was the novel (/C, 36). The old-fashioned novel, Anderson writes, “is clear
ly a device for the presentation o f simultaneity in ‘homogeneous, empty
time,’ or a complex gloss upon the word ‘meanwhile’ ” (/C, 25). The nar
rative voice, taking a quasi-omniscient view that helps to constitute some
thing like a “society,” tells us what different characters— ^who may never
encounter one another— are doing at the same time. This imagined world,
“conjured up by the author in his readers’ minds,” “a sociological organ
ism moving calendrically through homogeneous, empty time, is a precise
analogue o f the idea o f a nation” (/C, 26). Through the basic structures o f
address o f novels and newspapers, “fiction seeps quietly and continuous
ly into reality, creating that remarkable confidence o f community in ano
nymity which is the hallmark o f modern nations” (/C, 36).
Anderson’s deft analysis o f novels as a force for imagining the com
munities that are nations is doubtless one reason for the great appeal o f his
work for people in literary and cultural studies, who have a stake in the
cultural and political significance o f the literary objects they study. But
despite the frequency with which Anderson’s general claims are cited and
deployed, there has been surprisingly little discussion o f his claims about
the novel and o f the possible ramifications o f its characteristic structures o f
narration. Yet his later collection. The Spectre o f Comparisons, makes clear
the continuing importance o f the novel for his theory o f nations.^ Ander
son devotes several essays to José Rizal’s novel N oli me tangere, a crucial
founding text for Filipino nationalism; and he develops his line of thought
about novels and the nation further in another essay, “El malhadado pafs,”
which takes Mario Vargas Llosa’s E l hablador as an instance o f imagining
the nation in the novel o f the postwar, postcolonial era, where the issues of
the nature o f the national community and o f the novelist’s role in imagin
ing it have acquired new complications.
I want to focus on three elements or aspects o f the novel that are par
ticularly relevant to claims about their relation to the imagined communi
ties o f nations: the formal structure o f narrative point o f view, the national
content o f the fictions (which may include both the plot and the particular
3.
Benedict Anderson, The Spectre o f Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast
Asia, and the World (London: Verso, 1998); hereafter cited parenthetically in the
text as Spectre. One might also note the place of novels— Cooper’s The Pathfinder,
Melville’s Moby Dick, and Twain’s Huckleberry Tinn— in the new chapter of Imag
ined Communities (1991), “Memory and Forgetting” (202-3).
T H E O R Y
The Novel and the Nation
49
nature o f the world o f the novel), and finally the construction o f the read
er. If Anderson’s insights are to have the value they should in literary stud
ies, we need to be more precise about what we are claiming when we cite
his authority to discuss the role o f fiction in the construction o f nations. I
propose to raise questions about several o f these possible claims.
II
The most important feature o f the novel for Anderson’s claim seems
to be a narrative technique that, through its presentation o f simultaneous
events, creates a world “embedded in the minds o f the omniscient readers.
Only they, like God, watch A telephoning C, В shopping, and D playing
pool all at once” (/C, 26). The novel represents to readers a bounded com
munity. What sort o f narrative does this? Our narratological terminology
is not especially helpful here. The effect is achieved by a broad range of
narratives in which the narrator is not limited to what an empirical indi
vidual might know or perceive. So-called omniscient narrative certainly
fits the bill, but the narrative need not be omniscient, for the narrator need
not be privy to the thoughts and feelings o f the different characters.'^ All
that is necessary is that the narrative provide a point o f view exterior to and
superior to that o f any particular character, with access to what is happen
ing in different places at the same time. Interestingly, Anderson speaks not
o f an omniscient narrator but o f an “omniscient reader,” a concept hith
erto unattested in narratology. The reader is positioned by the narrative as
knowing what happens in several places at once. This set o f novels, then,
it would seem, consists o f narratives where the narrator is not a character
in the story, not confined to what a character might know, but provides
information about simultaneous and possibly unrelated happenings. Most
significant (and this is why Anderson speaks o f the “old-fashioned novel”),
the narrative is not filtered through the consciousness or position o f a sin
gle observer. What is excluded is the limited point o f view that developed
in the novel during the course o f the nineteenth century.
4.
See Chapter 8 for discussion of the problem of omniscience. The fact
that access to the minds of multiple characters is not required in this case is yet
another piece of evidence that the concept of omniscience misses crucial discrimi
nations.
Though many novels represent a society conceived as national, in An
derson’s account what is crucial to the role o f fiction in the imagining o f
nations is not this representation but that the world evoked by the nov
el include events happening simultaneously, extend beyond the experience
of particular individuals, and be conceived as geographically situated or
bounded. This involves “homogeneous empty time”— so called to highlight
its difference from an earher experience o f time, the conception o f events
as instantiating a divine order that is not itself historical. But for thinking
about novels (and about which novels do this and which do not), it might
be more pertinent to speak o f novels that present “the space o f a commu
nity.” There is some ambiguity in Anderson’s discussions about whether it
is important that the space or community evoked by the novel be that of
a nation; does it simply present an analogue to the nation, or does it char
acteristically represent this nation in particular? There is a tension between
the explicit claim about the novel as analogue o f the nation and Anderson’s
remarks about the novels he presents in chapter 2 o f Imagined Communi
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