Ethnographic projects for learners can be more or less developed than
those that strictly follow the guidelines that Damen suggests. A less
detailed ethnographic project might follow the tradition of media
research, and take the form of, say, a small-scale survey of how a group of
non-native speakers watch and respond to a US sitcom, shown locally on
cable television. Again, the observation would be systematic, and take into
consideration the way the audience ‘interacts’ with the programme: e.g. do
they comment on anyone, or anything, while the programme is being
shown, at what points do they laugh or groan (and for how long), and what
is their opinion of the characters and situations? If the learners have access
to native speakers, a cross-cultural comparison of audience response can be
built up.
A much more detailed course in ethnographic learner-training is
described in Barro
et al
. (1998) and Roberts
et al
. (2001). Lecturers at
Thames Valley University in Ealing, England, developed a course to
prepare modern languages students for ethnographic fieldwork during
their ‘year abroad’, that part of their studies in which they live in the
country whose language they are learning. The Ealing Ethnography
programme was developed over three years in three distinct stages: (1) an
introduction to ethnography during the second year of a BA programme,
(2) fieldwork conducted during their year abroad, and (3) a written
project, completed in the final year of the degree programme, based on
the fieldwork undertaken. The project had to be written in the target
language. The introductory programme in ethnography covered such
skills as participant observation, interviewing, conversation analysis,
recording and analysing ‘naturally occurring’ events, as well as topics such
as non-verbal communication, family structures, gender relations,
education, national and local identities, politics and belief structures (Barro
et al
., 1998: 82). This programme was taught ‘experientially’ through
fieldwork in the home culture, in the expectation that ethnographic skills
thus developed would transfer to investigation of the target culture later.
However, there was also background reading, mainly of academic texts in
the discipline of ethnography. Although the Ealing Ethnographic project is
elaborate and integrated fully into the degree programme at Thames
Valley University, it is still distinguished by the course team from ‘real’
ethnographic research. They conclude (Barro
et al
., 1998: 97):
The students are not intending to become specialists in social anthro-
pology. They are language students who, we hope, will become even
better language students as a result of living the ethnographic life . . .
They need the cultural tools for making sense of new intercultural
contacts and experiences rather than positivistic facts about other
Ethnographic Approaches to Culture and Language
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