exploring story-telling or conversational strategies in both cultures. The
reflective component of the intercultural curriculum requires specialist
knowledge of the home culture – with the learner and non-native teacher as
specialist. The key curriculum goal becomes a process of mediation,
whereby the home culture is explored and explained to members of
anglophone culture, and anglophone culture is also investigated critically.
Instead of becoming ‘minority elites’ who have absorbed enough of the
target culture to replicate its beliefs, social structures, and inequalities, suc-
cessful learners become ‘intercultural diplomats’, negotiating between the
contrasting world-views of home and target culture. Less successful
learners should not be alienated from the home culture – though their lin-
guistic and cultural expertise might not be so advanced, they should still
have had the opportunity to explore aspects of both home and target
culture with sensitivity and respect. Learners’ attitudes and beliefs will
necessarily change as they come into contact with a new culture, especially
one as potentially dominating and destructive as anglophone culture – but
that is an inescapable fact of contemporary life. The challenge is to manage
that change of belief and attitude so that – inevitably to different degrees – it
empowers rather than subjugates the learner and the society to which he or
she belongs. This principle holds for all contexts in which English is learnt
world-wide, even those in which the home language and culture are less
under threat (cf. Pennycook, 1994). In comparison with the state sector, the
commercial sector has traditionally had less of a stake in the moral
education of its learners. This is not to say that commercial ELT is value
free. White (1988: 24) acknowledges that ELT curricula reflect different
general systems of value:
Views on the nature and purpose of education include those which
emphasize the transmission of an esteemed cultural heritage; which
stress the growth and self-realization of the individual; and those
which regard education as an instrument of social change. Respec-
tively, these three orientations or ideologies have been termed classical
humanism, progressivism and reconstructionism.
White goes on to associate the main ELT methodologies with these orien-
tations (cf. Clarke, 1981). Grammar-translation aimed to transmit an
esteemed cultural heritage (classical humanism); audiolingualism and
notional-functionalism both aimed to effect social change by producing
individuals with a mastery of the target language system (reconstruct-
ionism); and task-based or ‘process-based’ approaches to language
teaching aimed to foster individual growth by challenging the learner with
problems they must solve by developing their linguistic competence (pro-
gressivism). For the commercial sector, the progressive curriculum
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