of reliable tasks that measure students’ performance in such a way as to
make inferences about the state of their communicative competence. The
various position papers in Alderson and North, (1991) show, however, that
although communicative language teaching has been broadly accepted
within ELT, communicative language testing is still a site of considerable
unresolved controversy. The testing of culture can only add to the ongoing
professional debate.
Byram (1997b: 87–111) looks in detail at the types of evidence and test
formats that can be drawn upon to assess the various intercultural
savoirs
he identifies (see Chapter 2 for details). It is evident that an intercultural
approach to language teaching and learning, as proposed here, extends
and reshapes many of the goals of a communicative language course. Com-
municative language tests tend to break the global skill of language
behaviour into four (still quite general) subskills: speaking, listening,
reading and writing. The activities suggested in this book also promote
these ‘general’ language skills in a number of ways. For example, the
chapters on everyday conversation and interviewing further the acquisi-
tion of speaking and listening skills; and the chapter on written genres
targets the acquisition of writing and reading skills. These three chapters
together also provide information and practice in how members of the
target culture interact in different contexts (
savoir 1
); that is, they focus on
interactions between gossiping friends, and between specialists and their
peer group or popular readerships. The chapter on ethnography focuses
on ways of using observation and interview to discover cultural informa-
tion (
savoir 4
), and the chapters on images and on literary, media and
cultural studies illustrate ways of interpreting and relating different
types of information (
savoir 2
). Throughout the book, critical reflection
has been promoted, rather than unthinking adoption of, say, the interac-
tion patterns of the target culture (
savoir 3
). Moreover, the ethos of open-
minded inquiry is meant to promote understanding and tolerance of lin-
guistic and cultural difference (
savoir 5
)
.
Intercultural education is, of
course, overtly designed to result in attitudinal and behavioural changes
on the part of learners; however, although language courses should make
explicit the values of the target culture, and do so in a sympathetic light,
they should not impose those values upon unwilling students. As Byram
recommends, understanding, critical reflection and mediation should be
the watchwords.
Intercultural communication should be a clearly defined option in
language education. The goals of any course should specify whether
learners, teachers and institutions are concerned with (1) increasing
language proficiency, (2) gaining factual knowledge about the target culture,
(3) acculturating, and/or (4) mediating between cultures. This book has con-
Assessing Intercultural Communication
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sistently argued that teaching and testing from an intercultural perspective
can enrich a language course. If tests are then matched to curricular goals,
then the tests should be valid. The following section will suggest ways in
which a cultural perspective can be assessed.
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