The Practicals
There are four practicals in this part.
•
Footsteps: an exercise in animal movement.
•
Insects: a look at buzzing flies and chirping crickets.
•
Birds: sounds of the avian syrinx.
•
Mammals: some more complex vocalisations based on a resonant tract.
49
Practical 26
Footsteps
Aims
This first practical section on living creatures is a bit unusual. We are going
to create the sound of human footsteps. There are a few surprises here. You
may think footsteps to be a fairly simple sound problem, but in fact they are
rather more complicated than they first seem. Although you might not think
of footsteps as “animal sounds,” they are one of the simplest introductions we
can have to the subject of biomechanics.
We further illustrate the decoupling of control and synthesis parts. The
walking mechanism is particular to the animal, while the sound is governed by
the surface on which it moves. We will see in this practical, and later exercises
with bird and mammal sounds, that living creatures generate complex control
signals. A brain and nervous system connecting to many continuously control-
lable muscles is capable of producing more complex patterns of forces than
any mechanical or inanimate natural sound sources we have seen so far. As
well as the inanimate physics, we must consider behaviour and intention. In
light of this knowledge, it will become clear why procedural audio is superior
to data-driven (sampled) sound in interactive applications. Reflecting on the
complexity of walking, you will understand why film artists still dig Foley pits
to produce the nuance of footsteps, and why sampled audio is an inflexible
choice for video game footfalls.
Analysis
What happens when we walk? It is a subject that has been researched exten-
sively, and new insights are still emerging, but here is a simplified summary.
Consider the human body standing at rest. Weight is distributed evenly on
both feet, which have a relatively small surface area. There is a force, a pres-
sure exerted on the ground, which is balanced by a reciprocal force from the
ground supporting the body. We call this the
ground response force
or
GRF
.
A smaller surface area means a higher GRF, so standing on tiptoe produces
a higher pressure than standing with feet flat. As we move forward, weight is
shifted from one foot to the other and energy is expended by muscles to propel
us along. Biochemical potential energy becomes movement, as well as sound
and heat.
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