Results
Source
. . . . . . . . . . .
<
http://mitpress.mit.edu/designingsound/
switches.html
>
Conclusions
Carefully timed excitations of a small plate or box model can produce switch
and lever effects. Each click corresponds to a mechanical event. The surface on
which the switch is mounted strongly influences the sound.
490
Switches
Exercises
Exercise 1
Why does a push-to-lock button have a different sound for switching on than
switching off?
Exercise 2
Record and analyse a light switch sound from the room you are in now. Find
the formant peaks by tapping the housing and do a quick calculation based on
materials and size to compare with what you hear.
43
Practical 20
Clocks
Aims
Produce the sound effect for a ticking clock, paying attention to principles of
its physical construction. Allow some room for modifying materials and scale
so that a small wristwatch or a large grandfather clock can be made with minor
adjustments.
Analysis
What Is a Mechanical Clock?
Before digital timekeeping, clocks and watches worked using “clockwork.” Clock-
work means an arrangement of real mechanical cogs, levers, and springs. The
main mechanical component of a clock is the escapement. Instead of an electri-
cal battery the energy to work a mechanical clock is stored in a tightly wound
spring or weights on strings, but to get the potential energy stored in the
source to escape evenly, at a constant rate, a pendulum was needed. Huygens
and Galileo are generally considered the inventors of the mechanical clock, hav-
ing worked out that a pendulum in a constant gravitational field will always
swing at rate determined only by its length. An escapement couples a pen-
dulum or other tuned system to a circular cog so that the cog advances only
one tooth of rotation for each swing of the pendulum. That turns a constant
reciprocating motion into a quantised rotational motion. There are many inge-
nious mechanical solutions to the escapement, including the Verge escapement,
the anchor escapement, and the gravity escapement, each making a slightly
different sound because of the way its parts collide and interact. Watches were
not possible until John Harrison invented an alternative to the pendulum using
counter-balanced reciprocating wheels compensated for temperature and accel-
eration. This exceptional piece of engineering was done to claim a
£
20,000
prize offered by the British government, since a highly accurate chronometer
could revolutionise navigation and naval practice. For two centuries watches
and clocks were based on Harrison’s reciprocating wheel, the sound of which is
what most people think of when they imagine a ticking watch. In case you are
thinking clockwork is a dead art, think again. Precision military timers still use
clockwork since it cannot be destroyed by the EMP from a nuclear discharge,
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