Control Code
The last item on the list above is special. As we progress we will meet more
and more sophisticated control-level programming. Many machine sounds are
themselves complex, being made of several subparts. We will frequently use the
and
objects to create fast sequences of messages. Sometimes, choosing
the precise timing values for control is as important as the audio DSP making
the actual noises.
The Practicals
•
Switches, as a study of simple click sequences.
•
Clocks, to investigate intricate periodic patterns.
•
Motors, the basis of rotating machinery.
•
Cars, as a study of a complex system using waveguides.
•
Fans, turbulent airflow over moving objects.
•
Jet engine, heuristic modelling based on spectrum.
•
Helicopter, a complex machine with many parts.
42
Practical 19
Switches
Aims
We begin this section on machine sounds by creating some clicks and clonks.
These might be used as stand-alone effects for buttons in software applications,
or as part of a larger ensemble for a mechanical device in a film or game. They
make an interesting study because the sounds are very short but require a good
measure of careful design to get the details right. The principles behind mak-
ing short idophonic impact sounds will be useful as we develop more complex
mechanical models.
Analysis
A few common parts are found in all switches. There is the physical switch itself,
the
actuator
, which might be a metal bar lever, a circular plunger, or a plastic
tab. To make electrical contact a switch has one or more
poles
and
throws
.
These are the metal contacts which move into position to conduct electricity.
For some switches there is a locking mechanism, as found in push-on/push-off
type switches. Finally there is the resonance of the switch housing or the panel
on which the switch is mounted.
Model
When a switch is activated, a throw arm moves across, pushing metal contacts
into place. To keep a good electrical connection, and to weather the stress of
many thousands or millions of operations, the contact is usually made from
a strong, springy material like phosphor-bronze, which bounces briefly against
the pole. This is where the requirement for switch
debouncing
comes from in
electronic circuits. Although the bounce is tiny, perhaps only a few milliseconds,
the ear can pick it up as a metallic ringing sound, or short “chatter.” So that
switches are not accidentally activated they often hold the throw bar between
springs, or against a tapered guide. This arrangement, called a
biased
switch,
means a certain force must be applied to move the throw past the mid-point
of the taper. Once this point is passed the energy stored in the spring pulls
the throw quickly against the pole, minimising the bounce time where sparks
might happen. The energy needed to close or open a typical switch is a few
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