Exercises
Exercise 1
Replace the drink can with another material model like a rock or glass bottle.
Conclusions
393
Exercise 2
Combine the rolling model with a bouncing control scheme and simulate a
complex motion in which the object may pitch, tumble and roll onto its ends.
Produce a more sophisticated object model that excites different overtones
depending on the impact position.
References
Rath, M. “An expressive real-time sound model of rolling.” (2003).
Proc. 6th
Int. Conference on Digital Audio Effects (DAFx-03)
. London.
Van den Doel, K., Kry, P. G., and Pai, D. K. (2001). “FoleyAutomatic:
Physically-based Sound Effects for Interactive Simulation and Animation.”
Com-
puter Graphics (ACM SIGGRAPH 01 Conference Proceedings)
, pp. 537–544.
SIGGRAPH.
32
Practical 9
Creaking
Aims
Investigate the physics of friction and its application to creaking doors and
squeaky floor boards.
Analysis
Friction is a fundamental bit of physics that applies to everything from archi-
tecture to holding your pants up. It affects sound in many ways, in the rusty
hinges of a door, in a window cleaner’s sponge, in mechanical brakes and joints,
and in the squeaky transmission shafts of vehicle engines. The general physical
process includes many sonic descriptions as well as creaking, such as squeaking,
squealing, grinding, or rubbing sounds.
Stick-Slip Motion
To avoid relativism we should define two objects, one to be an immovable refer-
ence or
base
and the other to be the
mover
which travels over the surface of the
base. The mover
M
pushes against the base with a force normal to its surface.
This might be due to the mover having weight (
M g
), such as when pushing
a heavy box along the ground, or it might be an applied force, such as when
cleaning a window with a sponge. Additionally, there is another tangential force
F
w
trying to push the mover over the base. This is because of some work we are
tying to do, like opening a door. Because the surfaces are not perfectly smooth
on a microscopic scale, some protrusions of one surface will rest in the dips
of the other. A diagram (fig. 32.1) showing this may help understand how the
surfaces become locked together. Sticking describes a point in time where the
velocity of the mover is zero or very small. Force
F
w
still acts on the mover,
but it is balanced by a
static friction
force
F
s
that stops the mover. Slight
movement, called
shear
, can happen at this time. It is due to the flexibility
of bonds between their surfaces, but from our point of view is negligible.
Slip
describes a period of time during which the mover slides over the surface. The
tangential force becomes greater than the static frictional force and the mover
is set free. When this happens
kinetic friction
applies, and acts to slow down
the mover. Notice I’ve mentioned two kinds of friction, static and dynamic (or
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