386
Bouncing
Results
Source
. . . . . . . . . . .
<
http://mitpress.mit.edu/designingsound/
bouncing.html
>
Conclusions
A bouncing object is characterised by its physical behaviour where over time
energy is lost from the system as sound and heat. The bounces get closer
together and less energetic. The rate of energy loss can be approximated as
linear. The energy in each impact is given by the height from which the object
falls on each bounce. Mapping timbre, amplitude, and decay time to the bounce
energy provides the correct effect.
Exercises
Exercise 1
If a perfectly elastic sphere hit a perfectly hard, elastic plane, could it bounce
forever? If so, what sound would it make? Improve the model to account for
air resistance or for an imperfect surface that has a soft absorbent property.
(Hint: drag is proportional to velocity.)
Exercise 2
Replace the DSP synthesis with another model for a struck idiophonic object
like a glass or metal. Study spectrograms to see how changing impact energy
alters the spectrum, especially during the attack.
31
Practical 8
Rolling
Aims
Produce the sound of a rolling object like an empty drink can blowing along
uneven ground in the wind.
Analysis
A rolling object with mass obtains rotational kinetic energy, either because
gravity acts on it or because something (like a boot when we kick it) applies
an impulsive force to it. Friction holds the bottom surface of the object to the
ground so the rest of the body moves around this pivot. A perfectly smooth
cylinder or sphere on an ideal frictionless plane would not roll unless given
an initial rotational moment; it would just slide. So the act of rolling, and
the sound produced, depends on the irregularity of the object surface and the
ground it moves on.
Model
Consider the regular triangular object on the left in figure 31.1. It is rigid and
moves without slipping. When at rest on its base it produces an even force and
pressure on the ground, and the ground supports it with an opposite and equal
force. To roll it clockwise so that it moves up onto the bottom right corner, work
must be done to move center of mass upwards. Because it balances on a corner a
smaller surface area supports the same weight, so the pressure increases. There
will be 3 steps of 120
◦
in each rotation during which the patterns shown in the
graphs below will repeat. Each time the potential energy rises with the center
of mass until it reaches its highest point, and kinetic energy (in the x-axis direc-
tion) decreases to zero, then increases in an opposite (negative) direction. After
60
◦
of rotation we no longer need to supply energy; instead the unstable object
falls under gravity. At a time where the original apex (now the bottom right
corner) impacts the ground there is a vector of velocity that causes a sudden
spike of force as the object gives up any energy that went into the movement.
During the collision, energy is lost to heat and sound as it excites the body of
the object and the surface. As we add sides to the object, each additional side
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