Model
369
wavefront moves around it in 0
.
011 seconds. This means it would form a perfect
standing wave, with the bell expanding and compressing along its diameter at
about 900Hz. As we will see shortly, this isn’t necessarily the lowest frequency.
The fundamental will probably be an octave below at 450Hz.
Damping
The bell is mounted on a rubber grommet, which offers a fair degree of damping.
Let’s estimate how much of a damping factor the bell has for a small supporting
area in contact with it. The bulk modulus of brass compared to that of rubber
is 1
×
10
5
N
/
m
2
against 160
×
10
9
N
/
m
2
. That is a huge difference, four orders
of magnitude, so rubber acts as a very strong damper. The energy returned
will be about 1
/
1000 of that hitting the boundary. But only a small area of the
bell surface touches the grommet, let’s say 0
.
1 percent, so we can cross three
zeros from that and estimate a damping factor of about
1
10
th. By itself the
damping factor is no use. We need to know how long the bell would ring if it
were perfectly suspended and the only losses were to the air (radiation) and
entropy. To know this we need to know how much energy it’s hit with, and how
much loss of energy per second occurs. Experimentally and theoretically this
comes out at about 30 seconds, but we’ll skip examining that stage in detail so
we can summarise and move on. It’s important to work from ballpark figures
and experimental data in sound design; we don’t need to know very precise
values so much as crude ratios and heuristics to guide us to the right area, then
we attach fine-grain controls to zoom in on the exact parameters for the sound
we want. Let’s add one more estimate to our model: the bell rings for about
3 seconds.
What Happens?
A bell is brought to life when something impacts with it, like a hammer, stick,
or another bell. The size and energy of the beater tend to be in proportion to
the bell so that it rings as loudly as possible without damage, and as a rough
guide it is frequently made of a very similar material to the bell itself. These
facts already tell us a something about bell sounds. Let’s consider separately
three properties: shape, material makeup—both chemical and structural—and
the excitation, or what hits it. Then let’s consider what happens and how those
properties play a role in the sound that emerges by causing energy to be focused
into certain modes or regular vibrations as it propagates within the bell. Imag-
ine the striker hitting a bell. This is shown in the centre of figure 29.2 where
we see the bell from the side and from the bottom in several modes of vibra-
tion. During the very short time they are connected, energy from the hammer
deforms the bell. For a moment the shape of the bell is no longer semispherical/
round but becomes a slightly oval shape. Energy propagates throughout the
whole body of the bell, exciting it into many modes of oscillation that fall into
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