Analysis
Bell
There are many types of bell, but the sound we want to create is actually two
small bells with an electrically operated hammer that rattles between them.
Electromagnetic Buzzer
An alarm bell for an old-style telephone or fire alarm is an electromechanical
device that produces a continuous ringing. A hammer (or striker) repeatedly
hits two bells in alternation. The energy comes from a battery which causes a
current to flow through one of two electromagnets. In figure 29.1 the current
flows through the metal (electrically conductive) fulcrum and (ferromagnetic)
rocker, which serve two purposes, being both a pivot on which the hammer can
swing and part of the electric circuit. The device is arranged so that current ini-
tially flows through one electromagnet, either EA or EB. When electromagnet
EA is active it pulls the rocker towards it until contact is made, which routes
the current to EB. Likewise, EB pulls the magnetic rocker back until electrical
contact is made through EA again. This operation should seem familiar: it is an
electromechanical astable device, similar to the transistor circuit we examined
for the police siren. Energy from the battery is converted into kinetic energy in
the reciprocating hammer via a magnetic field.
368
Telephone Bell
EA
EB
Fulcrum
Contact
Switch
Battery
Circular bell
Hammer
Conductive/metal
Rocker
−
+
Figure 29.1
Electromechanical bell.
Model
Size
Bells come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. Big Ben, a cousin of the Liberty
Bell cast by Whitechapel Foundry in 1858, is 2
.
7m wide and about 2m high. It
is so large its 13 tons of metal took three furnaces to melt and 20 days to cool
to a solid. And at the other end of the scale, some musical instrument bells,
such as on a tambourine, mini barbell chimes, or a bell-rattle like a cabassa,
are as small as a few millimeters across. The telephone bell we are going to
simulate is approximately 6cm in diameter.
Shape
The general shape of a bell is a curved skin, a bit like a half cycle of a sine
wave rotated around in space, although tubes and semisphere shapes are com-
mon too. Our telephone bell has an almost semispherical shape. Whatever their
shape all bells have a common feature, at least one elliptical path. Bells usually
have a high degree of rotational symmetry, a circular aspect, although some
have an egg-shaped cross section and, as an atypical case, a cowbell is almost
square.
Material
They are most often made of metal, perhaps brass, bronze, or another alloy cho-
sen for its springiness. Brass has a propagation speed of about 5000m
/
s. From
this we can estimate the frequency of the prominent component using a little
geometry and arithmetic. For a 6cm diameter the circumference is 0
.
18m, so a
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