Superposition and Phase Cancellation
Superposition is adding waves together. The amplitude of a new wave created
by adding together two others at some moment in time, or point in space, is
the sum of their individual amplitudes. Two waves of the same frequency which
have the same phase match perfectly. They will reinforce each other when super-
posed, whereas two waves of opposite phase will cancel one another out. If two
waves are travelling in opposite directions, as in figure 3.7, and meet at some
point, they
interfere
with each other. Interference is something local to the
point in space where they cross. For a moment they add to each other, and
if the amplitudes
A
a
and
A
b
of two waves are each 1mm, then as their crests
coincide there will be a peak of
A
a
+
A
b
= 2mm. After that they continue
along their journey as if nothing had happened. Now, this might seem counter-
intuitive, because what if the two waves were in opposite phase? Wouldn’t they
cancel out and destroy each other? Well, for a moment they do, but only at
the exact point where they meet; after that the two waves carry on as normal.
That’s because waves carry energy which is a scalar quantity, so regardless of
their direction or phase each contains a positive amount of energy. If they were
3.4 Boundaries
25
A
B
A + B
B
A
Waves pass through one another
Two travelling waves
Superposition of two spherical waves
from point sources
Figure 3.7
Superposition of moving waves.
able to annihilate each other then energy would be destroyed, which is impos-
sible. So, superposition is a local phenomenon. You can see this in the right
frame of figure 3.7, which shows the interference patterns created by two nearby
sources vibrating at the same frequency. Each is sending out waves where the
bright circles correspond to positive amplitudes (compressions) and the dark
circles represent negative amplitudes (rarefactions). For any given frequency
and speed of propagation there will be a pattern of stationary bright and dark
spots where the waves locally reinforce or cancel each other. You can hear this
if you set up a pair of loudspeakers to play a constant low sine wave at about
80Hz. Move your head from side to side and you will hear there are places where
the sound seems louder than others. If you invert the phase of one channel there
will be a point exactly halfway between the speakers where the sound goes to
zero.
SECTION 3.4
Boundaries
A boundary is any change of material or material properties in the path of a
wave. It could be the surface of a vibrating block of wood, in which case the
medium is wood and the boundary material is air, or it could be the wall of a
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