|
38: Thinking About Life
German Socio-Economic Panel
: Andrew E. Clark, Ed Diener, and Yannis Georgellis,
“Lags and Leads in Life Satisfaction: A Test of the Baseline Hypothesis.” Paper presented
at the German Socio-Economic Panel Conference, Berlin, Germany, 2001.
affective forecasting: Daniel T. Gilbert and Timothy D. Wilson, “Why the Brain Talks to
Itself: Sources of Error in Emotional Prediction,”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society B
364 (2009): 1335–41.
only significant fact in their life
: Strack, Martin, and Schwarz, “Priming and
Communication.”
questionnaire on life satisfaction
: The original study was reported by Norbert Schwarz in
his doctoral thesis (in German) “Mood as Information: On the Impact of Moods on the
Evaluation of One’s Life” (Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 1987). It has been described in
many places, notably Norbert Schwarz and Fritz Strack, “Reports of Subjective Well-
Being: Judgmental Processes and Their Methodological Implications,” in Kahneman,
Diener, and Schwarz,
Well-Being
, 61–84.
goals that young people set
: The study was described in William G. Bowen and Derek
Curtis Bok,
The Shape of the River
:
Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in
College and University Admissions
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998). Some
of Bowen and Bok’s findings were reported by Carol Nickerson, Norbert Schwarz, and Ed
Diener, “Financial Aspirations, Financial Success, and Overall Life Satisfaction: Who?
and How?”
Journal of Happiness Studies
8 (2007): 467–515.
“being very well-off financially”
: Alexander Astin, M. R. King, and G. T. Richardson,
“The American Freshman: National Norms for Fall 1976,” Cooperative Institutional
Research Program of the American C {he on, Rouncil on Education and the University of
California at Los Angeles, Graduate School of Education, Laboratory for Research in
Higher Education, 1976.
money was not important
: These results were presented in a talk at the American
Economic Association annual meeting in 2004. Daniel Kahneman, “Puzzles of Well-
Being,” paper presented at the meeting.
happiness of Californians
: The question of how well people today can forecast the
feelings of their descendants a hundred years from now is clearly relevant to the policy
response to climate change, but it can be studied only indirectly, which is what we
proposed to do.
aspects of their lives
: In posing the question, I was guilty of a confusion that I now try to
avoid: Happiness and life satisfaction are not synonymous. Life satisfaction refers to your
thoughts and feelings when you think about your life, which happens occasionally—
including in surveys of well-being. Happiness describes the feelings people have as they
live their normal life.
I had won the family argument
: However, my wife has never conceded. She claims that
only residents of Northern California are happier.
students in California and in the Midwest
: Asian students generally reported lower
satisfaction with their lives, and Asian students made up a much larger proportion of the
samples in California than in the Midwest. Allowing for this difference, life satisfaction in
the two regions was identical.
How much pleasure do you get from your car?
: Jing Xu and Norbert Schwarz have found
that the quality of the car (as measured by Blue Book value) predicts the owners’ answer
to a general question about their enjoyment of the car, and also predicts people’s pleasure
during joyrides. But the quality of the car has no effect on people’s mood during normal
commutes. Norbert Schwarz, Daniel Kahneman, and Jing Xu, “Global and Episodic
Reports of Hedonic Experience,” in R. Belli, D. Alwin, and F. Stafford (eds.),
Using
Calendar and Diary Methods in Life Events Research
(Newbury Park, CA: Sage), pp.
157–74.
paraplegics spend in a bad mood?
: The study is described in more detail in Kahneman,
“Evaluation by Moments.”
think about their situation
: Camille Wortman and Roxane C. Silver, “Coping with
Irrevocable Loss, Cataclysms, Crises, and Catastrophes: Psychology in Action,” American
Psychological Association, Master Lecture Series 6 (1987): 189–235.
studies of colostomy patients
: Dylan Smith et al., “Misremembering Colostomies? Former
Patients Give Lower Utility Ratings than Do Current Patients,”
Health Psychology
25
(2006): 688–95. George Loewenstein and Peter A. Ubel, “Hedonic Adaptation and the
Role of Decision and Experience Utility in Public Policy,”
Journal of Public Economics
92 (2008): 1795–1810.
the word
miswanting: Daniel Gilbert and Timothy D. Wilson, “Miswanting: Some
Problems in Affective Forecasting,” in
Feeling and Thinking: The Role of Affect in Social
Cognition
, ed. Joseph P. Forgas (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 178–97.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
