Questions 14-26,
w h ich a r e b a s e d o n R e a d i n g
P a s s a g e 2 b e lo w .
Fatal A ttraction
E v o lu t io n is t C h a r le s D a r w in fir s t m a r v e lle d a t f le s h - e a t in g p la n t s in t h e m id - 1 9 t h c e n t u r y .
T o d a y , b io lo g is t s , u s in g 2 1 s t - c e n t u r y t o o ls t o s t u d y c e lls a n d D N A , a re b e g in n i n g to
u n d e r s t a n d h o w t h e s e p la n t s h u n t, e a t a n d d i g e s t
-
a n d h o w s u c h b iz a r r e a d a p t a t io n s
a r o s e in t h e fir s t p la c e .
A
The leaves of the Venus flytrap plant are covered in hairs. W hen an insect brushes
again st them , this trig g e rs a tiny electric charge, which travels dow n tunnels in the
leaf and op ens up pores in the leaf's cell m em branes. W ater surges from the cells
on the inside o f the leaf to those on the outside, causing the leaf to rapidly flip
in shape from convex to concave, like a soft contact lens. A s the leaves flip, they
snap together, tra p p in g the insect in their sharp-to othed jaws.
В
The bladderw o rt has an equally sophisticated way o f setting its underw ater trap.
It pum ps w ater out o f tiny b a g-like bladders, m aking a vacuum inside. W hen
sm all creatures swim past, they bend the hairs on the bladder, cau sin g a flap to
open. Th e low pressure sucks w ater in, carrying the anim al a long with it. In one
five-hundredth o f a seco nd, the do or sw ings shut again. Th e Drosera sundew,
m eanw hile, has a thick, sw eet liquid o o zin g from its leaves, which first attracts
insects, then holds them fast before the leaves snap shut. Pitcher plants use yet
another strategy, gro w in g long tu b e -sh ap e d leaves to im prison their prey. Raffles'
pitcher plant, from the ju n gle s of Borneo, p roduces nectar that both lures insects
and form s a slick surface on which they can't g e t a grip. Insects that land on the
rim of the pitcher slide on the liquid and tum ble in.
C
M any carnivorous plants secrete enzym es to penetrate the hard e xo skeleton of
insects so they can a bso rb nutrients from inside their prey. But the purple pitcher
plant, which lives in b o g s and infertile sandy soils in North A m erica, enlists other
organism s to process its food. It is hom e to an intricate fo o d w eb of m osquito
larvae, m id ges and bacteria, m any of which can survive only in this unique habitat.
Th ese anim als shred the prey that fall into the pitcher, and the sm aller organism s
feed on the debris. Finally, the plant ab so rb s the nutrients released.
D
W hile such plants clearly thrive on b ein g carnivorous, the benefits of eating flesh
are not the on es you m ight e xp e ct. C arnivo rous anim als such as ourselves use
the carbon in protein and the fat in m eat to build m uscles and store energy.
C arnivo rous plants instead draw nitrogen, phosphorus, and other critical nutrients
from their prey in order to build light-harvesting enzym es. Eating anim als, in other
w ords, lets carnivorous plants do what all plants do: carry out photosynthesis, that
is, grow by harnessing energy directly from the sun.
E
C arnivorous plants are, in fact, very inefficient at converting sunlight into tissue.
Th is is because of all the energy they e xp e n d to m ake the equipm ent to catch
anim als - the enzym es, the pum ps, and so on. A pitcher or a flytrap cannot carry
out m uch photosynthesis because, unlike plants with ordinary leaves, they d o not
275
Test
7
have flat solar panels that can gra b lots of sunlight. There are, however, som e
special condition s in which the benefits of b e in g carnivorous do outw eigh the
costs. Th e p o o r soil of b o g s, for exam ple, offers little nitrogen and phosphorus,
so carnivorous plants enjoy an ad van tage over plants that obtain these nutrients
by m ore conventional m eans. B o gs are also flo o d ed with sunshine, so even an
inefficient carnivorous plant can photosynthesise eno u gh light to survive.
F
Evolution has repeatedly m ade this trade-off. By co m p arin g the D N A of
carnivorous plants with other species, scientists have found that they evolved
independently on at least six separate occasions. Som e carnivorous plants that
look nearly identical turn out to be only distantly related. Th e tw o kinds of pitcher
plants - the tropical ge n u s N e p en th e s and the North A m erican Sarracenia - have,
surprisingly, evolved from different ancestors, although both grow d e e p pitcher
sh ap e d leaves and em plo y the sam e strategy for captu ring prey.
G
In several cases, scientists can see how co m p le x carnivorous plants evolved from
sim pler ones. Venus flytraps, for exam ple, share an ancestor with Po rtuguese
sundew s, which only catch prey passively, via 'flypaper' gla n d s on their stem s.
Th ey share a m ore recent ancestor with Drosera sundew s, which can also curl
their leaves over their prey. Venus flytraps a p p ear to have evolved an even m ore
elabo rate version of this kind of trap, co m p lete with jaw -like leaves.
H
Unfortunately, the adaptatio ns that enable carnivorous plants to thrive in m arginal
habitats also m ake them exquisitely sensitive. A gricultural run-off and pollution
from pow er plants are a d d in g extra nitrogen to m any b o g s in North A m erica.
Carnivo rous plants are so finely tuned to low levels o f nitrogen that this extra
fertilizer is o ve rlo ad in g their system s, and they eventually burn them selves out
and die.
I
H um ans also threaten carnivorous plants in other ways. Th e black m arket trade
in e xo tic carnivorous plants is so vigo ro u s now that botanists are kee p in g the
location of som e rare sp e cie s a secret. But even if the p o ach in g o f carnivorous
plants can be halted, they will continue to suffer from other assaults. In the
pine savannah of North C arolina, the increasing suppression of fires is allow ing
other plants to grow too quickly and o u tco m pete the flytraps in their native
environm ent. G o o d news, perhaps, for flies. But a loss for all who, like Darwin,
d e lig h t in the sheer inventiveness of evolution.
276
Reading
Q u e s t i o n s 1 4 - 1 8
C o m p le t e th e n o t e s b e lo w .
C h o o s e N O M O R E T H A N T W O W O R D S fro m th e p a s s a g e fo r e a c h a n s w e r .
W rite y o u r a n s w e r s in b o x e s 1 4 - 1 8 o n y o u r a n s w e r s h e e t .
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