Year
Total Births
Births per 1,000
1910
2,777,000
30.1
1915
2,965,000
29.5
1920
2,950,000
27.7
1925
2,909,000
25.1
1930
2,618,000
21.3
1935
2,377,000
18.7
1940
2,559,000
19.4
1945
2,858,000
20.4
1950
3,632,000
24.1
Here is what the economist H. Scott Gordon once wrote about the particular benefits of being one
of those people born in a small generation:
When he opens his eyes for the first time, it is in a spacious hospital, well-appointed to serve
the wave that preceded him. The staff is generous with their time, since they have little to do
while they ride out the brief period of calm until the next wave hits. When he comes to school
age, the magnificent buildings are already there to receive him; the ample staff of teachers
welcomes him with open arms. In high school, the basketball team is not as good as it was but
there is no problem getting time on the gymnasium floor. The university is a delightful place;
lots of room in the classes and residences, no crowding in the cafeteria, and the professors are
solicitous. Then he hits the job market. The supply of new entrants is low, and the demand is
high, because there is a large wave coming behind him providing a strong demand for the
goods and services of his potential employers.
In New York City, the early 1930s cohort was so small that class sizes were at least half of what
they had been twenty-five years earlier. The schools were new, built for the big generation that had
come before, and the teachers had what in the Depression was considered a high-status job.
“The New York City public schools of the 1940s were considered the best schools in the country,”
says Diane Ravitch, a professor at New York University who has written widely on the city’s
educational history. “There was this generation of educators in the thirties and forties who would
have been in another time and place college professors. They were brilliant, but they couldn’t get the
jobs they wanted, and public teaching was what they did because it was security and it had a pension
and you didn’t get laid off.”
The same dynamic benefited the members of that generation when they went off to college. Here is
Ted Friedman, one of the top litigators in New York in the 1970s and 1980s. Like Flom, he grew up
poor, the child of struggling Jewish immigrants.
“My options were City College and the University of Michigan,” Friedman said. City College was
free, and Michigan—then, as now, one of the top universities in the United States—was $450 a year.
“And the thing was, after the first year, you could get a scholarship if your grades were high,”
Friedman said. “So it was only the first year I had to pay that, if I did well.” Friedman’s first
inclination was to stay in New York. “Well, I went to City College for one day, I didn’t like it. I
thought, This is going to be four more years of Bronx Science [the high school he had attended], and
came home, packed my bags, and hitchhiked to Ann Arbor.” He went on:
I had a couple of hundred dollars in my pocket from the summer. I was working the Catskills to
make enough money to pay the four-hundred-fifty-dollar tuition, and I had some left over. Then
there was this fancy restaurant in Ann Arbor where I got a job waiting tables. I also worked
the night shift at River Rouge, the big Ford plant. That was real money. It wasn’t so hard to get
that job. The factories were looking for people. I had another job too, which paid me the best
pay I ever had before I became a lawyer, which was working in construction. During the
summer, in Ann Arbor, we built the Chrysler proving grounds. I worked there a few summers
during law school. Those jobs were really high paying, probably because you worked so much
overtime.
Think about this story for a moment. The first lesson is that Friedman was willing to work hard,
take responsibility for himself, and put himself through school. But the second, perhaps more
important lesson is that he happened to come along at a time in America when if you were willing to
work hard, you could take responsibility for yourself and put yourself through school. Friedman was,
at the time, what we would today call “economically disadvantaged.” He was an inner-city kid from
the Bronx, neither of whose parents went to college. But look at how easy it was for him to get a good
education. He graduated from his public high school in New York at a time when New York City
public schools were the envy of the world. His first option, City College, was free, and his second
option, the University of Michigan, cost just $450—and the admissions process was casual enough,
apparently, that he could try one school one day and the other the next.
And how did he get there? He hitchhiked, with the money that he made in the summer in his
pocket, and when he arrived, he immediately got a series of really good jobs to help pay his way,
because the factories were “looking for people.” And of course they were: they had to feed the needs
of the big generation just ahead of those born in the demographic trough of the 1930s, and the big
generation of baby boomers coming up behind them. The sense of possibility so necessary for success
comes not just from inside us or from our parents. It comes from our time: from the particular
opportunities that our particular place in history presents us with. For a young would-be lawyer,
being born in the early 1930s was a magic time, just as being born in 1955 was for a software
programmer, or being born in 1835 was for an entrepreneur.
Today, Mort Janklow has an office high above Park Avenue filled with gorgeous works of modern
art—a Dubuffet, an Anselm Kiefer. He tells hilarious stories. (“My mother had two sisters. One lived
to be ninety-nine and the other died at ninety. The ninety-nine-year-old was a smart woman. She
married my Uncle Al, who was the chief of sales for Maidenform. Once I said to him, ‘What’s the rest
of the country like, Uncle Al?’ And he said, ‘Kiddo. When you leave New York, every place is
Bridgeport.’ ”) He gives the sense that the world is his for the taking. “I’ve always been a big risk
taker,” he says. “When I built the cable company, in the early stages, I was making deals where I
would have been bankrupt if I hadn’t pulled it off. I had confidence that I could make it work.”
Mort Janklow went to New York City public schools when they were at their best. Maurice
Janklow went to New York City public schools when they were at their most overcrowded. Mort
Janklow went to Columbia University Law School, because demographic trough babies have their
pick of selective schools. Maurice Janklow went to Brooklyn Law School, which was as good as an
immigrant child could do in 1919. Mort Janklow sold his cable business for tens of millions of
dollars. Maurice Janklow closed titles for twenty-five dollars. The story of the Janklows tells us that
the meteoric rise of Joe Flom could not have happened at just any time. Even the most gifted of
lawyers, equipped with the best of family lessons, cannot escape the limitations of their generation.
“My mother was coherent until the last five or six months of her life,” Mort Janklow said. “And in
her delirium she talked about things that she’d never talked about before. She shed tears over her
friends dying in the 1918 flu epidemic. That generation—my parents’ generation—lived through a lot.
They lived through that epidemic, which took, what? ten percent of the world’s population. Panic in
the streets. Friends dying. And then the First World War, then the Depression, then the Second World
War. They didn’t have much of a chance. That was a very tough period. My father would have been
much more successful in a different kind of world.”
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |