Lesson Number Two: Demographic Luck
5.
Maurice Janklow enrolled in Brooklyn Law School in 1919. He was the eldest son of Jewish
immigrants from Romania. He had seven brothers and sisters. One ended up running a small
department store in Brooklyn. Two others were in the haberdashery business, one had a graphic
design studio, another made feather hats, and another worked in the finance department at Tishman
Realty.
Maurice, however, was the family intellectual, the only one to go to college. He got his law
degree and set up a practice on Court Street in downtown Brooklyn. He was an elegant man who
dressed in a homburg and Brooks Brothers suits. In the summer, he wore a straw boater. He married
the very beautiful Lillian Levantin, who was the daughter of a prominent Talmudist. He drove a big
car. He moved to Queens. He and a partner then took over a writing-paper business that gave every
indication of making a fortune.
Here was a man who looked, for all the world, like the kind of person who should thrive as a
lawyer in New York City. He was intelligent and educated. He came from a family well schooled in
the rules of the system. He was living in the most economically vibrant city in the world. But here is
the strange thing: it never happened. Maurice Janklow’s career did not take off the way that he’d
hoped. In his mind, he never really made it beyond Court Street in Brooklyn. He struggled and
floundered.
Maurice Janklow had a son named Mort, however, who became a lawyer as well, and the son’s
story is very different from that of the father. Mort Janklow built a law firm from scratch in the 1960s,
then put together one of the very earliest cable television franchises and sold it for a fortune to Cox
Broadcasting. He started a literary agency in the 1970s, and it is today one of the most prestigious in
the world.
*
He has his own plane. Every dream that eluded the father was fulfilled by the son.
Why did Mort Janklow succeed where Maurice Janklow did not? There are, of course, a hundred
potential answers to that question. But let’s take a page from the analysis of the business tycoons born
in the 1830s and the software programmers born in 1955 and look at the differences between the two
Janklows in terms of their generation. Is there a perfect time for a New York Jewish lawyer to be
born? It turns out there is, and this same fact that helps explain Mort Janklow’s success is the second
key to Joe Flom’s success as well.
6.
Lewis Terman’s genius study, as you will recall from the chapter about Chris Langan, was an
investigation into how some children with really high IQs who were born between 1903 and 1917
turned out as adults. And the study found that there was a group of real successes and there was a
group of real failures, and that the successes were far more likely to have come from wealthier
families. In that sense, the Terman study underscores the argument Annette Lareau makes, that what
your parents do for a living, and the assumptions that accompany the class your parents belong to,
matter.
There’s another way to break down the Terman results, though, and that’s by when the Termites
were born. If you divide the Termites into two groups, with those born between 1903 and 1911 on one
side, and those between 1912 and 1917 on the other, it turns out that the Terman failures are far more
likely to have been born in the earlier group.
The explanation has to do with two of the great cataclysmic events of the twentieth century: the
Great Depression and World War II. If you were born after 1912—say, in 1915—you got out of
college after the worst of the Depression was over, and you were drafted at a young enough age that
going away to war for three or four years was as much an opportunity as it was a disruption
(provided you weren’t killed, of course).
The Termites born before 1911, though, graduated from college at the height of the Depression,
when job opportunities were scarce, and they were already in their late thirties when the Second
World War hit, meaning that when they were drafted, they had to disrupt careers and families and
adult lives that were already well under way. To have been born before 1911 is to have been
demographically unlucky. The most devastating events of the twentieth century hit you at exactly the
wrong time.
This same demographic logic applies to Jewish lawyers in New York like Maurice Janklow. The
doors were closed to them at the big downtown law firms. So they were overwhelmingly solo
practitioners, handling wills and divorces and contracts and minor disputes, and in the Depression the
work of the solo practitioner all but disappeared. “Nearly half of the members of the metropolitan bar
earned less than the minimum subsistence level for American families,” Jerold Auerbach writes of
the Depression years in New York. “One year later 1,500 lawyers were prepared to take the pauper’s
oath to qualify for work relief. Jewish lawyers (approximately one-half of the metropolitan bar)
discovered that their practice had become a ‘dignified road to starvation.’ ” Regardless of the number
of years they had spent in practice, their income was “strikingly less” than that of their Christian
colleagues. Maurice Janklow was born in 1902. When the Depression started, he was newly married
and had just bought his big car, moved to Queens, and made his great gamble on the writing-paper
business. His timing could not have been worse.
“He was going to make a fortune,” Mort Janklow says of his father. “But the Depression killed
him economically. He didn’t have any reserves, and he had no family to fall back on. And from then
on, he became very much a scrivener-type lawyer. He didn’t have the courage to take risks after that.
It was too much for him. My father used to close titles for twenty-five dollars. He had a friend who
worked at the Jamaica Savings Bank who would throw him some business. He would kill himself for
twenty-five bucks, doing the whole closing, title reports. For twenty-five bucks!
“I can remember my father and mother in the morning,” Janklow continued. “He would say to her,
‘I got a dollar seventy-five. I need ten cents for the bus, ten cents for the subway, a quarter for a
sandwich,’ and he would give her the rest. They were that close to the edge.”
7.
Now contrast that experience with the experience of someone who, like Mort Janklow, was born in
the 1930s.
Take a look at the following chart, which shows the birthrates in the United States from 1910 to
1950. In 1915, there are almost three million babies. In 1935, that number drops by almost six
hundred thousand, and then, within a decade and a half, the number is back over three million again.
To put it in more precise terms, for every thousand Americans, there were 29.5 babies born in 1915;
18.7 babies born in 1935; and 24.1 babies born in 1950. The decade of the 1930s is what is called a
“demographic trough.” In response to the economic hardship of the Depression, families simply
stopped having children, and as a result, the generation born during that decade was markedly smaller
than both the generation that preceded it and the generation that immediately followed it.
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