Sistemazione and death: the role of the Wittenoom asbestos mine in the lives and



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Pathways to Sistemazione 
The 36 people to whom I spoke are broadly representative of how Italians achieved 
sistemazione in Western Australia and Italy. In their search for work, participants took two 
main paths: permanent waged employment or self-employment. One couple established a 
business upon their return from Wittenoom; another after a brief repatriation to Italy. Table 1 
shows the breakdown of employment. While the types of waged employment and businesses 
within those two pathways varied, there is a significantly high number of 59 per cent — when 
compared with national averages for Italians reported by Castles — who became self-
employed. Castles noted that
By 1966, only 8 per cent of Italian men were employers 
and 11 per cent were self-employed. For women the 
rates in 1966 were 4 per cent employers and 6 per cent 
self-employed. However, the trend became reversed, as 
Italian-born people left the factories and set up 
businesses. By 1986, only 67 per cent of Italian men 
were employees, while 10 per cent were employers and 
17 per cent were self-employed. For women, the figures 
were 72 per cent employees, 7 per cent employers and 
13 per cent self-employed.
1
The Wittenoom Italians had been motivated by the lack of future prospects in waged 
occupations. At the core of their employment choices was the desire for a better future. 
1
Castles et al, Op Cit. p. 70 


216 
Table 1: Breakdown of employment trajectories of Wittenoom Italian research 
participants
2
Repatriated to Italy
20% (8) 
Office workers 
12% (5) 
Blue collar occupations, Labourers, 
trades, factory workers or hospitality 
59% (24) 
Moved to self-employment from waged 

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