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first case it has the grammatical meaning of the accusative case, and in the second -
the prepositional. These meanings are formed with different connections of the
word with other words in the sentence.
Moreover, according to the structure grammatical forms can be subdivided
into synthetic form and analytical form.
The main difference between synthetic form and analytical form is that
synthetic forms can be formed with the help of affixal grammatic morphemes (like
morphemes of aspect, tense, mood, voice, person, number and perfect categories)
while analytic forms are formed with link verbs.
In the following examples of comparison
of secondary grammatical
categories, grammatical meaning and grammatical forms can be identified.
In English, Russian and Uzbek languages, plurality is the category of the
noun, pronoun, and verb, which means a great number of something or someone.
For example,
these books are interesting
–
бу китоблар қизиқарли –
этикнигиинтересны
.
All compared languages have some nouns, which are never used in aplural
form such as
love, friendship, hate
–
любовь
,
дружба
–
муҳаббат, дўстлик.
The verbs of compared languages are able to indicate the plurality.
English
Russian
Uzbek
She is beautiful.
They are beautiful.
Он пошол в школу.
Дети пошли в школу.
Бола мактабга борди.
Болалар
мактабга
боришди.
Nevertheless, in English and
Russian indefinite pronouns
some, any
and their
derivatives
don‘t have plural forms. But in Uzbek they have.
English
Russian
Uzbek
somebody
anything
кто-то
что-нибудь
кимлардир,аллакимлар
алланималар
In English, some borrowed words keep their original plural forms. But in
Russian and Uzbek borrowed words follow the rules of making plurality.
English
Russian
Uzbek
phenomenon
–
phenomena
datum – data
Феномен – феномены
Компьютер
–
компьютеры
Стол – столлар
Компьютер – компьютерлар
Although, in English, there are nouns which form the plural by changing the
root vowel. But in Russian and Uzbek there is no such a phenomenon. This feature
can be considered as adistinctive feature of English plural form of the category of a
plurality
(man- men, woman
–
women, foot
–
feet, ox
–
oxen and etc.).
Moreover, in
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English and Russian,there are also some nouns, which have only the plural form
(spectacles,
trousers, scissors - очки, брюки, ножницы), and they are not
characterized in Uzbek. Thus, they can be considered as similarity in English and
Russian and as distinctive feature in comparison with Uzbek.
Therefore, typology of grammatical categories of the languages can serve in
identifying language universals and at the same time to clarify their distinctive
peculiarities. These phenomena can be helpful in thedeep
understanding of any
language and teach them as a foreign language as well as in translation processes
too.
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