Test 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.
Having a laugh
The findings ofpsychological scientists reveal the importance o f humour
Humans start developing a sense o f hum our as early as six weeks old, w hen babies begin to
laugh
and smile in response to stimuli. Laughter is universal across all hum an cultures and even exists
in some form in rats, chim ps, and bonobos. Like other human em otions and expressions, laughter
and humour provide psychological scientists w ith rich resources for studying hum an psychology,
ranging from the developm ent o f language to the neuroscience o f social perception.
Theories focusing on the evolution o f laughter point to it as an im portant adaptation for social
communication. Take, for example, the recorded laughter in TV com edy shows. Back in 1950,
US sound engineer Charley Douglass hated dealing with the unpredictable laughter o f live
audiences, so started recording his own ‘laugh tracks’. These were intended to help people at
home feel like they were in a social
situation, such as a crowded theatre. D ouglass even recorded
various types o f laughter, as well as m ixtures o f laughter from m en, women, and children. In
doing so, he picked up on a quality o f laughter that is now interesting researchers: a simple ‘h ah a5
communicates a rem arkable am ount o f socially relevant information.
In one study conducted in 2016, samples o f laughter from pairs o f English-speaking
students
were recorded at the
University o f California, Santa Cruz. A team m ade up o f m ore than 30
psychological scientists, anthropologists, and biologists then played these recordings to
listeners
from 24 diverse societies, from indigenous tribes in N ew G uinea to city-dwellers in India and
Europe. Participants were asked w hether they thought the people laughing were friends or
strangers.
On average, the results were remarkably consistent: worldwide, peo p le’s guesses were
correct approxim ately 60% o f the time.
Researchers have also found that different types o f laughter serve as codes to com plex human
social hierarchies. A team led by Christopher Oveis from the University o f California, San
Diego, found that high-status individuals had different laughs from low-status individuals, and
that strangers’judgem ents o f an individual’s social status were influenced by the dom inant or
submissive quality o f their laughter. In their study, 48 male college students were randomly
assigned to groups o f four, with each group com posed o f two
low-status m em bers, who had ju st
joined their college fraternity group, and two high-status members, older students who had been
active in the fraternity for at least two years. Laughter was recorded as each
student took a turn
at being teased by the others, involving the use o f mildly insulting nicknam es. A nalysis revealed
that, as expected, high-status individuals produced m ore dom inant laughs and fewer submissive
laughs relative to the low-status individuals. M eanwhile, low-status individuals were m ore likely
to change their laughter based on their position o f power; that is, the new com ers produced more
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