Understanding language teaching: From Method to Postmethod



Download 1,4 Mb.
Pdf ko'rish
bet75/164
Sana02.12.2022
Hajmi1,4 Mb.
#877006
1   ...   71   72   73   74   75   76   77   78   ...   164
Bog'liq
(ESL & Applied Linguistics Professional Series) B. Kumaravadivelu - Understanding Language Teaching From Method to Post-Method-Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. (2006)

5.2. CLASSROOM PROCEDURES
The aims and activities of any language teaching method can be analyzed
and understood, in part, by studying the input and interactional modifica-
tions that the teachers are advised to carry out for promoting desired learn-
ing outcomes in the classroom (see chap. 3, this volume, for details). In the
following sections, we consider the nature and relevance of input and
interactional modifications with reference to language-centered methods.
5.2.1. Input Modifications
Of the three types of input modifications discussed in chapter 3, language-
centered methods adhere almost exclusively to form-based input modifica-
tions. The other two types (i.e., meaning-based and form- and meaning-
based input) rarely figure in language-centered methods because, as we saw
in the earlier sections of this chapter, linguistic form has been the driving
force behind their learning and teaching operations, and the idea of nego-
tiated meaning in a communicative context was not of any considerable im-
portance. Language-centered pedagogists believe that form-based input
modifications are not only necessary and but also sufficient for the develop-
ment of linguistic as well as pragmatic knowledge/ability in the L2. For
LANGUAGE-CENTERED METHODS
103


them, manipulating input entails selecting grammatical items, grading
them in a principled fashion, and making them salient for the learner
through a predominantly teacher-fronted instruction that explicitly draws
the learner’s attention to grammar. Such form-focused instruction is cou-
pled with clear explanation and conscious error correction.
The grammatical items of the target language are introduced to the
learners mostly through structural patterns. In a popular handbook of the
times, Paulston and Bruder (1975) provided a comprehensive, 145-page
long index of structural patterns arranged in alphabetical order. The first
two entries, for instance, are about adjectives and adverbs. The grammatical
forms listed are as follows (p. 51):
ADJECTIVES
Adjective comparison
1. (
as
Adj.
as
;
the same
X
as
)
2. (adj. -
er than
;
more/less
-
ly than
;
more/less
Noun
than
)
3. (adj. -
est
;
most/least
-
ly
;
most/least
Noun)
Demonstrative
Indefinite
much
/
many
other
/
another
some
/
any
Phrases
Possessive
ADVERBS
already
/
yet
Comparison
Frequency
here
/
there
Manner
by
+ Noun/Verb/-
ing
-
ly
with
+ Noun
too
/
enough
Place and time of expressions
For purposes of teaching and testing linguistic forms such as the two just
shown, Paulston and Bruder suggested three types of drills: mechanical,
meaningful, and communicative. As the following examples indicate, me-

Download 1,4 Mb.

Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
1   ...   71   72   73   74   75   76   77   78   ...   164




Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©hozir.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling

kiriting | ro'yxatdan o'tish
    Bosh sahifa
юртда тантана
Боғда битган
Бугун юртда
Эшитганлар жилманглар
Эшитмадим деманглар
битган бодомлар
Yangiariq tumani
qitish marakazi
Raqamli texnologiyalar
ilishida muhokamadan
tasdiqqa tavsiya
tavsiya etilgan
iqtisodiyot kafedrasi
steiermarkischen landesregierung
asarlaringizni yuboring
o'zingizning asarlaringizni
Iltimos faqat
faqat o'zingizning
steierm rkischen
landesregierung fachabteilung
rkischen landesregierung
hamshira loyihasi
loyihasi mavsum
faolyatining oqibatlari
asosiy adabiyotlar
fakulteti ahborot
ahborot havfsizligi
havfsizligi kafedrasi
fanidan bo’yicha
fakulteti iqtisodiyot
boshqaruv fakulteti
chiqarishda boshqaruv
ishlab chiqarishda
iqtisodiyot fakultet
multiservis tarmoqlari
fanidan asosiy
Uzbek fanidan
mavzulari potok
asosidagi multiservis
'aliyyil a'ziym
billahil 'aliyyil
illaa billahil
quvvata illaa
falah' deganida
Kompyuter savodxonligi
bo’yicha mustaqil
'alal falah'
Hayya 'alal
'alas soloh
Hayya 'alas
mavsum boyicha


yuklab olish