2.2
Basic Circuit Laws
We treat each four-terminal element as two two-terminal elements with some relation between their
voltage and current variables, as far as element count in a circuit is concerned. Let there be
b-elements,
n-nodes and
l-loops in a lumped parameter circuit. Then there are 2
b variables –
b terminal voltage
variables and
b element current variables – to be solved for in the circuit. We call these variables the
element variables.
Each element contributes either an equation relating its voltage variable to its current variable or a
constraint equation which imposes a constraint on either its current variable or voltage variable. Thus,
we get
b equations in 2
b variables from
element relations alone. These equations are independent
of the manner in which the circuit elements are interconnected. They depend only on the nature and
parameter value of the individual elements. We call this set of
b equations involving 2
b element
variables
the
element equation set.
We need another set of
b independent equations on 2
b element variables to solve for all the element
variables. These equations will have to be independent of the
element equation set. They come from
the interconnection details of the circuit.
They depend only on how the elements are interconnected
and will not depend on the nature or parameter value of elements. That is, they depend only on the
topology of the circuit. This set of
b independent equations that summarises the constraints imposed
on 2
b element variables by the interconnection is called the
interconnection equation set. ‘Element
equation set’ and ‘Interconnection equation set’ provide the complete set of equations needed to solve
for all the element variables in a circuit.
The interconnection equation set is obtained by applying two basic conservation laws of physics to the
circuit. The laws of conservation of energy and charge have been restated in a form suitable for applying to
lumped parameter circuits. Gustav Robert Kirchhoff arrived at the required restatements of these conserva-
tion laws in 1857 and they are called
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (
KVL) and
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (
KCL).
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law imposes a constraint on the voltage variables appearing in a loop in the
circuit. Applying this law to a loop in the circuit results in a single constraint equation involving an
algebraic sum of all the voltage variables that appear in the loop. Kirchhoff’s Current Law imposes
a constraint on the current variables appearing at a node in the circuit. Applying this law to a node in
the circuit results in a single constraint equation involving an algebraic sum of all the current variables
that appear at the node. These constraint equations are algebraic in form.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: