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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar



1.31
A similar issue comes up in the case of voltage across a two-terminal element. We can not 
determine which terminal is the higher potential terminal before we actually solve the circuit. Hence, 
we choose one of the two terminals to be the higher potential terminal prior to solving the circuit. The 
circuit solution will either confirm it by returning a positive value for element voltage or correct us by 
returning a negative value for that element voltage.
But, the circuit solution can reveal the correct state of affairs for an element only if the chosen 
reference directions for the element variables are consistent with the element voltage-current 
relationship that was used in solving the circuit. Consider the four different ways of selecting the 
reference directions for current and voltage of a two-terminal resistance as shown in Fig. 1.6-3. The 
correct statement for Ohm’s Law is shown by the side of each choice in Fig. 1.6-3. We can use any one 
of these four reference direction choices provided we employ the correct statement for Ohm’s Law.
However, we would like to avoid the confusion that may result from multiple choices available for 
reference polarities. We settle the matter once and for all by choosing one set of current and voltage 
reference directions for all two-terminal elements. The chosen reference directions will be as per the 
scheme marked as (i) in Fig. 1.6-3. That is, we assign positive polarity of voltage variable to one of 
the two terminals and then assign positive current flowing into that terminal from outside. This choice 
of reference directions for current and voltage of a two-terminal element is called the ‘Passive Sign 
Convention’. See Fig. 1.6-4.
The choice shown in (iv) in Fig. 1.6-3 is also per passive sign 
convention. The choice of the terminal to assign positive polarity 
of voltage variable is arbitrary in passive sign convention.
The 

i relation for a two-terminal resistance with passive sign 
convention is v(t
=
R i(t). It is 
v t
L
di t
dt
( )
( )
=
for a two-terminal 
inductance and 
i t
C
dv t
dt
( )
( )
=
for a two-terminal capacitance with 
passive sign convention.

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